The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: the case for incentive salience
Abstract
Introduction Debate continues over the precise causal contribution made by mesolimbic dopamine systems to reward. There are three competing explanatory categories: 'liking', learning, and 'wanting'. Does dopamine mostly mediate the hedonic impact of reward ('liking')? Does it instead mediate learned predictions of future reward, prediction error teaching signals and stamp in associative links (learning)? Or does dopamine motivate the pursuit of rewards by attributing incentive salience to reward-related stimuli ('wanting')? Each hypothesis is evaluated here, and it is suggested that the incentive salience or 'wanting' hypothesis of dopamine function may be consistent with more evidence than either learning or 'liking'. In brief, recent evidence indicates that dopamine is neither necessary nor sufficient to mediate changes in hedonic 'liking' for sensory pleasures. Other recent evidence indicates that dopamine is not needed for new learning, and not sufficient to directly mediate learning by causing teaching or prediction signals. By contrast, growing evidence indicates that dopamine does contribute causally to incentive salience. Dopamine appears necessary for normal 'wanting', and dopamine activation can be sufficient to enhance cue-triggered incentive salience. Drugs of abuse that promote dopamine signals short circuit and sensitize dynamic mesolimbic mechanisms that evolved to attribute incentive salience to rewards. Such drugs interact with incentive salience integrations…
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For securely attached mothers, infant cues may act as an important affective signal of incentive salience, reinforcing and motivating responsive maternal care.
“These findings suggest that for securely attached mothers, infant cues (whether positive or negative in affect) may act as an important affective signal of 'incentive salience' (Berridge, 2007), reinforcing and motivating responsive maternal care.”
From A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder (2009) · cites this paper as Berridge, 2007
Incentive salience transforms an otherwise neutral or intrinsically insignificant stimulus into a stimulus that grabs attention because it signals a wanted outcome.
“Incentive salience transforms an otherwise neutral or intrinsically insignificant stimulus into a stimulus that grabs attention because it signals a wanted outcome.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Berridge, 2007
Drug-related cues bias attention due to dopamine-driven incentive salience from prior drug use.
“These schemas are elicited by drug-related interoceptive and exteroceptive cues, for which attention may become biased due to dopamine-driven incentive salience conferred by prior drug use episodes.19”
Berridge contends dopamine is associated with wanting rewards rather than hedonic liking; this might suggest positive affect per se may be rewarding but not the driver of a large range of rewarding effects on performance and learning.
“Berridge (2007) contends that dopamine is not associated with the hedonic”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Berridge, 2007
The dopamine pathway strongly modulates the reinforcing and motivational properties of rewards and the motivational aspects of behavior.
“The dopamine pathway strongly modulates the reinforcing and motivational properties of rewards and the motivational aspects of behavior (Berridge, 2007; Salamone and Correa, 2012; Schultz, 2006; Wise, 2008)”
From Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity (2014) · cites this paper as Berridge, 2007
Reward uncertainty, like drugs of abuse, may sensitize neural systems to rewards and reward-related cues.
“It is thought that reward uncertainty, like drugs of abuse, may also sensitize neural systems to rewards and reward-related cues (Anselme & Robinson, 2013; Anselme, Robinson, & Berridge, 2013; Berridge, 2007; Mascia et al., 2018; M. J. F. Robinson, Anselme, Fischer, & Berridge, 2014a; Rømer Thomsen et al., 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Berridge, 2007
Pleasurable or rewarding experiences comprise an anticipatory 'wanting' component and an 'in-the-moment enjoyment' (liking) component.
“Current evidence suggests that, cognitively, pleasurable or rewarding experiences, in general, comprise a “looking forward to” anticipatory component, which is cognitively driven (i.e., “wanting”) (23, 24), and an “in-the-moment enjoyment” (i.e., “liking”) component (25, 26).”
From A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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“The interested reader is referred to other reviews discussing the role of dopamine in reward in great detail (e.g., Berridge, 2007; Berridge & Robinson, 1998; Kringelbach & Berridge, 2009; Schultz, 2013, 2016). on attentional selection is often erroneously attributed to topdown volitional control.”
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Model-based and model-free Pavlovian reward learning: Revaluation, revision, and revelation
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Dopamine enhances model-based over model-free choice behavior
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Dopamine, behavioral economics, and effort
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Dopaminergic modulation of sucrose acceptance behavior in Drosophila
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Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Berridge, K. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berridge, Kent C.
- ORCID
- Berridge, Kent C.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2006-10-27
- Volume
- 191
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 391-431
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2163805252
- Cited by
- 2,347
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 161 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 158 · 2015: 144 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 177 · 2012: 174
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-63649, R01MH063649)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017752, DA-017752, DA015188, R01DA015188)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- dopamine, reward, incentive salience, wanting, liking, learning, mesolimbic dopamine system, prediction error, classical conditioning, drugs of abuse, addiction, compulsive behavior, hedonic pleasure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetitive Behavior, Association Learning, Dopamine, Humans, Limbic System, Motivation, Nucleus Accumbens, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Prosencephalon, Behavior, Addictive, Neurotransmitter Agents
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