A Mental Health–Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: First responders (eg, police, firefighters, and paramedics) are at high risk of experiencing poor mental health. Physical activity interventions can help reduce symptoms and improve mental health in this group. More research is needed to evaluate accessible, low-cost methods of delivering programs. Social media may be a potential platform for delivering group-based physical activity interventions. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the feasibility and acceptability of delivering a mental health-informed physical activity program for first responders and their self-nominated support partners. This study also aims to assess the feasibility of applying a novel multiple time series design and to explore the impact of the intervention on mental health symptoms, sleep quality, quality of life, and physical activity levels. METHODS: We co-designed a 10-week web-based physical activity program delivered via a private Facebook group. We provided education and motivation around different topics weekly (eg, goal setting, overcoming barriers to exercise, and reducing sedentary behavior) and provided participants with a Fitbit. A multiple time series design was applied to assess psychological distress levels, with participants acting as their own control before the intervention. RESULTS: In total, 24 participants (12 first responders and 12 nominated support partners) were recruited, and 21 (88%) completed the postassessment questionnaires. High acceptability was observed in the qualitative interviews. Exploratory analyses revealed significant reductions in psychological distress during the intervention. Preintervention and postintervention analysis showed significant improvements in quality of life (P=.001; Cohen d=0.60); total depression, anxiety, and stress scores (P=.047; Cohen d=0.35); and minutes of walking (P=.04; Cohen d=0.55). Changes in perceived social support from family (P=.07; Cohen d=0.37), friends (P=.10; Cohen d=0.38), and sleep quality (P=.28; Cohen d=0.19) were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide preliminary support for the use of social media and a multiple time series design to deliver mental health-informed physical activity interventions for first responders and their support partners. Therefore, an adequately powered trial is required. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN): 12618001267246; https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12618001267246.
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Other intervention-based studies exist but are not specific to full-time firefighters but rather recruit firefighters or first responders.
“Other intervention-based studies do exist; however, they are not specific to full-time firefighters but rather recruit firefighters (individuals employed by fire departments prior to becoming a full-time firefighter) or first responders (police, firefighters, EMS) [124,125,126].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
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The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review
Holland-Winkler, A. M., Greene, D. R., & Oberther, T. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082169 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- McKeon, G., Steel, Z., Wells, R., Newby, J., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Vancampfort, D., & Rosenbaum, S.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- McKeon, Grace
- ORCID
- Venue
- JMIR Formative Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2021-04-22
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e23432
- ISSN
- 2561-326X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8103303
- OpenAlex
- W3152707443
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Formative Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Suicide Prevention Australia
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1123336)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- first responders, mental health, physical activity interventions, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, quality of life, sleep quality, walking, Fitbit, sedentary behavior, feasibility and acceptability, co-design, police, firefighters, paramedics, family social support, exercise motivation, goal setting, barriers to exercise
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