mHealth in the Wild: Using Novel Data to Examine the Reach, Use, and Impact of PTSD Coach
Open accessAbstract
Background: A majority of Americans (58%) now use smartphones, making it possible for mobile mental health apps to reach large numbers of those who are living with untreated, or under-treated, mental health symptoms. Although early trials suggest positive effects for mobile health (mHealth) interventions, little is known about the potential public health impact of mobile mental health apps. Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize reach, use, and impact of “PTSD Coach”, a free, broadly disseminated mental health app for managing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, aggregate mobile analytics data from 153,834 downloads of PTSD Coach were analyzed in conjunction with 156 user reviews. Results: Over 60% of users engaged with PTSD Coach on multiple occasions (mean=6.3 sessions). User reviews reflected gratitude for the availability of the app and being able to use the app specifically during moments of need. PTSD Coach users reported relatively high levels of trauma symptoms (mean PTSD Checklist Score=57.2, SD=15.7). For users who chose to use a symptom management tool, distress declined significantly for both first-time users (mean=1.6 points, SD=2.6 on the 10-point distress thermometer) and return-visit users (mean=2.0, SD=2.3). Analysis of app session data identified common points of attrition, with only 80% of first-time users reaching the app’s home screen and 37% accessing one of the app’s primary content areas. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PTSD Coach has achieved substantial and sustained reach in the population, is being used as intended, and has been favorably received. PTSD Coach is a unique platform for the delivery of mobile mental health education and treatment, and continuing evaluation and improvement of the app could further strengthen its public health impact.
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Reviewed researchers measured time spent on unique sections, unique pages, length of a unique session, length between unique sessions, and total time spent on an app.
“Researchers measured the time spent on unique sections of an app [66], the time spent on unique pages [56], the length of a unique session [38,42,43,71], the length between unique sessions [72], and the total time spent on an app [62,68,73].”
From A Library of Analytic Indicators to Evaluate Effective Engagement with Consumer mHealth Apps for Chronic Conditions: Scoping Review (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
Owen et al recorded click stream data documenting users' navigation through page content.
“Owen et al recorded click stream data documenting their users’ navigation through page content [42].”
From A Library of Analytic Indicators to Evaluate Effective Engagement with Consumer mHealth Apps for Chronic Conditions: Scoping Review (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
Owen et al measured the number of sessions logged by users on their PTSD self-management app and the number of users who logged at least one session on the first day, week, and month post download.
“Owen et al made both these associations by measuring the number of sessions logged by users on their PTSD self-management app, as well as the number of users who logged at least one session on the first day, week, and month post download [42].”
From A Library of Analytic Indicators to Evaluate Effective Engagement with Consumer mHealth Apps for Chronic Conditions: Scoping Review (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialRuzek, J. I., & Yeager, C. M. (2017) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2017.11 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Several studies of the app have been conducted, with some promising results (Kuhn et al. 2014; Owen et al. 2015; Miner et al. 2016; Possemato et al. 2016; Kuhn et al. 2017).”
BackgroundWickersham, A., Petrides, P. M., Williamson, V., & Leightley, D. (2019) · DIGITAL HEALTH · doi:10.1177/2055207619842986 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mobile mental health interventions following war and disaster
Ruzek, J. I., Kuhn, E. R., Jaworski, B. K., Owen, J. E., & Ramsey, K. M. (2016) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2016.08.06 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Globally, PTSD Coach has been downloaded over 243,000 times and is associated with significant reductions in momentary distress for those who use at least one symptom management tool (24).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGoreis, A., Felnhofer, A., Kafka, J. X., Probst, T., & Kothgassner, O. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Varma, N., Cygankiewicz, I., Turakhia, M. P., Heidbüchel, H., Hu, Y., Chen, L. Y., Couderc, J., Cronin, E. M., Estep, J. D., Grieten, L., et al. (2021) · Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology · doi:10.1111/anec.12795 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hensler, I., Sveen, J., Cernvall, M., & Arnberg, F. K. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31419 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Negative reactions such as negative emotions, psychological symptoms [16,19], and unfulfilled expectations [12] in response to content or technical issues have been reported in focus groups, interviews, and reviews on the web.”
Mental Health Apps in Psychiatric Treatment: A Patient Perspective on Real World Technology Usage
Chiauzzi, E., & Newell, A. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12292 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Accordingly, these trends have driven an upsurge in clinical app research in anxiety, major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other mental health disorders [5-10].”
The New Digital Divide For Digital Biomarkers
Torous, J. B., Rodriguez, J. A., & Powell, A. C. (2017) · Digital Biomarkers · doi:10.1159/000477382 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Public Trust in Artificial Intelligence Applications in Mental Health Care: Topic Modeling Analysis
Shan, Y., Ji, M., Xie, W., Lam, K.-Y., & Chow, C.-Y. (2022) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/38799 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Providing evidence-based care, AI health apps have become increasingly popular, evidenced by over 150,000 downloads of an app named PTSD Coach [7].”
BackgroundJakel, P., Kenney, J., Ludan, N., Miller, P. S., McNair, N. D., & Matesic, E. (2016) · Clinical journal of oncology nursing · doi:10.1188/16.cjon.611-616 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…focused on the use of mobile applications for patient care, such as health prevention (Vodopivec-Jamsek, de Jongh, Gurol-Urganci, Atun, & Car, 2012), cancer pain management (Agboola et al., 2014), and use of a mobile application as a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) coach (Owen et al., 2015).”
Cernvall, M., Sveen, J., Johannesson, K. B., & Arnberg, F. K. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1472990 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Possemato, K., Kuhn, E. R., Johnson, E. M., Hoffman, J. E., & Brooks, E. (2016) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-016-0393-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In fact, analysis of objective use data for another study utilizing PTSD Coach indicates that although app users report positive feedback on usability and positive impact on symptom distress, only 80 % of first-time users reach the home screen and only 37 % progress to one of the primary content areas [26].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGolden, E., Zweig, M., Danieletto, M., Landell, K., Nadkarni, G. N., Böttinger, E. P., Katz, L., Somarriba, R., Sharma, V., Katz, C. L., et al. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/26590 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Informed by the literature that has considered the techniques that drive behavior change through mHealth apps as well as their effectiveness [12-15], implementation of mHealth apps for personal health and behavior management can be fine-tuned and leveraged to become a powerful tool in behavior modification and overall…”
BackgroundTherapy and E-therapy—Preparing Future Psychiatrists in the Era of Apps and Chatbots
Gratzer, D., & Goldbloom, D. S. (2020) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-019-01170-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“A downloaded app is not necessarily used: PTSD Coach, an app developed by the US Veterans Administration, has been downloaded more than 150,000 times — yet only 14% of individuals had used the app the day after downloading it [12].”
MethodBurchert, S., Kerber, A., Zimmermann, J., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244955 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
van der Meer, C. A. I., Bakker, A., Schrieken, B., Hoofwijk, M. C., & Olff, M. (2017) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1579 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“posttrauma care can be delivered and received (Olff, 2015; Owen et al., 2015; Price, Ruggiero, et al., 2014; Price, Yuen, et al., 2014; Price et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBradway, M., Gabarrón, E., Johansen, M. A., Zanaboni, P., Jardim, P. S. J., Joakimsen, R. M., Pape-Haugaard, L., & Årsand, E. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/16814 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“[50,52,54,56-59,62-64] [36,38,40-42,44,48,49] Evaluation of usage logs”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLeveraging Data Science for Global Health
Celi, L. A., Majumder, M. S., Ordóñez, P., Osorio, J. S., Paik, K., & Somai, M. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47994-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Stop‐tabac smartphone application for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial
Etter, J., & Khazaal, Y. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15738 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“User engagement and retention in the Stop-tabac app were good in comparison with other studies of mHealth apps [24].”
BackgroundResultVarma, N., Cygankiewicz, I., Turakhia, M. P., Heidbüchel, H., Hu, Y., Chen, L. Y., Couderc, J., Cronin, E. M., Estep, J. D., Grieten, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Arrhythmia · doi:10.1002/joa3.12461 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
When and Why Adults Abandon Lifestyle Behavior and Mental Health Mobile Apps: Scoping Review
Kidman, P. G., Curtis, R., Watson, A., & Maher, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/56897 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“All 18 studies [11,12,27-42] included in this review were written in English and published between 2014 and 2022, with half being published between 2019 and 2022.”
InfluentialHall, C. L., Sanderson, C., Brown, B. J., Andrén, P., Bennett, S. D., Chamberlain, L. R., Davies, E. B., Khan, K., Kouzoupi, N., Mataix‐Cols, D., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04902-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Price, M. S., Sawyer, T., Harris, M., & Skalka, C. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5023 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Apps created by the Veterans Health Administration and the Department of Defense for chronic PTSD were well received by patients [23,24] and providers [25].”
Marketplace and Literature Review of Spanish Language Mental Health Apps
Muñoz, A. O., Camacho, E., & Torous, J. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.615366 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bröcker, E., Suliman, S., Olff, M., & Seedat, S. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2209469 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“%) characterised as multi-country (Hallenbeck et al., 2022; Owen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTorres, L., Lee, J. L.-Y., Park, S., Lorenzo, R. C. D., Branam, J. P., Fraser, S. A., & Salisbury, B. A. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/35896 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“This definition is also sometimes called rolling retention [21].”
BackgroundExamining the infusion of mobile technology by healthcare practitioners in a hospital setting
O’Connor, Y., & O’Reilly, P. (2016) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-016-9728-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“What began to emerge in the literature were studies (Cavus and Munyavi 2015; Chiu and Eysenbach 2010; Dehzad et al. 2014; Muessig et al. 2013; Nair and Bhaskaran 2014; Owen et al. 2015; Sundin et al. 2016; Tu 2015) pertaining to mHealth failure, albeit not explicitly utilising the term ‘ failure ’ .”
BackgroundKozlov, E., Bantum, E. O., Pagano, I., Walser, R. D., Ramsey, K. M., Taylor, K. L., Jaworski, B. K., & Owen, J. E. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/23377 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Prior research with mental health mobile apps has revealed that many users will download the app and use it only once [28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationElectronic bridge to mental health for college students: A randomized controlled intervention trial.
King, C. A., Eisenberg, D., Pistorello, J., Coryell, W. H., Albucher, R. C., Favorite, T., Horwitz, A. G., Bonar, E. E., Epstein, D. J., & Zheng, K. (2022) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000709 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chen, H., Rodriguez, M. A., Qian, M., Kishimoto, T., Lin, M., & Berger, T. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000730 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mejova, Y., Weber, I. G., & Fernández-Luque, L. (2018) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/publichealth.7217 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“One of the most popular is Flurry Analytics, which is owned by Yahoo Inc., which has been used to study the demographics of health apps [29,30].”
MethodKRUPNICK, J. L., Green, B. L., AMDUR, R. L., Alaoui, A., Belouali, A., Roberge, E. M., Cueva, D., Roberts, M., Melnikoff, E., & Dutton, M. A. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000176 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A recent qualitative analysis of 156 reviews (Owen et al., 2015) indicated that more than a quarter (28.6”
BackgroundInfluentialExploring user learnability and learning performance in an app for depression: usability study
Stiles-Shields, C., Montague, E., Lattie, E. G., Schueller, S. M., Kwasny, M. J., & Mohr, D. C. (2017) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/humanfactors.7951 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The possibility for such errors within an app may be one reason that behavioral health apps show low rates of retention when deployed in public marketplaces [45].”
BackgroundThe Potential of Object-Relations Theory for Improving Engagement With Health Apps
Cohen, J., & Torous, J. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.17141 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Chen, I., Chen, Y., Liao, S., & Lin, Y. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12060936 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This was exemplified by a study on “PTSD Coach”, an app developed for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) management [31].”
MethodExperiences of Serving and Ex-Serving Members With the PTSD Coach Australia App: Mixed Methods Study
Shakespeare‐Finch, J., Alichniewicz, K., Strodl, E. S., Brown, K., Quinn, C. A., Hides, L. M., White, A., Gossage, G., Poerio, L., Batras, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18447 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This feedback was consistent with studies evaluating the American version of the app [8,13,18,19].”
ResultAssessing User Retention of a Mobile App: Survival Analysis
Lin, Y., Chen, S.-Y., Lin, P.-H., Tai, A., Pan, Y., Hsieh, C.-E., & Lin, S. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/16309 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The clinical utility of the Distress Thermometer in non‐oncological contexts: A scoping review
Sousa, H., Oliveira, J., de Figueiredo, D. M. P., & Ribeiro, Ó. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15698 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hatem, S., Long, J. C., Best, S., Fehlberg, Z., Easpaig, B. N. G., & Braithwaite, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/36691 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Loss of interest in using health apps over time is well documented (eg, [28]).”
BackgroundComputer-Assisted CBT and Mobile Apps for Depression: Assessment and Integration Into Clinical Care
Wright, J. H., & Mishkind, M. C. (2020) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190044 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Melia, R., Monahan, L., Duggan, J., Bogue, J., O’Sullivan, M., Young, K. L., Chambers, D., & McInerney, S. J. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03426-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“A mobile app designed to be used in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder recorded over 166,800 downloads initially reducing to 26,110 users 1 week later [35].”
MethodRodriguez, M. A., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Weisman, J., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25772 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hallenbeck, H. W., Jaworski, B. K., Wielgosz, J., Kuhn, E. R., Ramsey, K. M., Taylor, K. L., Juhasz, K. M., McGee-Vincent, P. A., Mackintosh, M., & Owen, J. E. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34744 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Since the study by Owen et al [17] was published, the PTSD Coach app has undergone several substantial updates to its design and features to address stakeholder feedback from users and health care professionals.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationGäebel, W., Großimlinghaus, I., Mucić, D., Maercker, A. R. A., Zielasek, J., & Kerst, A. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…clinical PTSD diagnosis, only measurement of distress, no follow-up after post-treatment measurement at 12 weeks, small sample size limited power I Owen et al., 2015 [22] Descriptive study (with mixedmethods analyses) Analysis of n = 153.834 downloads of PTSD Coach app with regard to utilization…”
MethodInfluentialHealth services and rehabilitation for active duty service members and veterans with mild TBI
Pogoda, T. K., Levy, C. E., Helmick, K. M., & Pugh, M. J. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2016.1274777 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“0% (n = 25) were coded as ambivalent between positive and negative [80].”
BackgroundDesign for mobile mental health: Exploring the informed participation approach
Aryana, B., & Brewster, L. (2019) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458219873540 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“68 Both participant groups required a combination of features in their ideal solution, helping them through the whole problem-solving process.”
BackgroundPossemato, K., Kuhn, E. R., Johnson, E. M., Hoffman, J. E., & Brooks, E. (2016) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-016-0415-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationKunkle, S., Yip, M., Watson, Ξ., & Hunt, J. B. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17902 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Studies of other digital mental health technologies have used this approach to investigate initial effectiveness in addition to guiding future research directions [21,22].”
BackgroundSustainable Development Goal 3 in Healthcare
Chiu, W.-K., & Fong, B. Y. F. (2023) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1564-4_3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Son, C., Hegde, S., Markert, C., Zahed, K., & Sasangohar, F. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/41018 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Computer-Assisted In Sensu Exposure for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Development and Evaluation
Görg, N., Priebe, K., Deuschel, T., Schüller, M., Schriner, F., Kleindienst, N., Ludäscher, P., Schmahl, C. G., & Bohus, M. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5697 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Users reported high levels of satisfaction and perceived helpfulness of the app [40,43].”
Bröcker, E., Scheffler, F., Suliman, S., Olff, M., & Seedat, S. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Thus, our findings further support the value of a blended (i.e., human component and mobile-based) approach noted in PTSD Coach-focused research (Owen et al., 2015; Cernvall et al., 2018; Shakespeare-Finch et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultEnggasser, J. L., Livingston, N. A., Ameral, V., Brief, D. J., Rubin, A., Helmuth, E., Roy, M., Solhan, M. B., Litwack, S. D., Rosenbloom, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108242 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The self-help app My Grief: Bereaved parents' experiences of helpfulness, satisfaction and usability
Eklund, R., Eisma, M., Boelen, P., Arnberg, F. K., & Sveen, J. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100712 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…colleagues assessed user retention of the PTSD Coach app, using mobile analytic data, and they showed how the time spent on the app slowly declined over time, with 41.6 % continuing using the app one month after installation, to 10.6 % using the app one year post installation (Owen et al., 2015).”
MethodInfluentialArmstrong, C. M., Hoyt, T., Kinn, J. T., Ciulla, R., & Bush, N. E. (2017) · Best practices in mental health · doi:10.70256/314845ciwvqz · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Adherence of Mobile App-Based Surveys and Comparison With Traditional Surveys: eCohort Study
Pathiravasan, C. H., Zhang, Y., Trinquart, L., Benjamin, E. J., Borrelli, B., McManus, D. D., Kheterpal, V., Lin, H., Sardana, M., Hammond, M. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24773 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Varma, N., Cygankiewicz, I., Turakhia, M. P., Heidbuchel, H., Hu, Y., Chen, L. Y., Couderc, J.-P., Cronin, E. M., Estep, J. D., Grieten, L., et al. (2021) · Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cvdhj.2020.11.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…attrition with mHealth interventions targeting risk factors and chronic conditions, even when people report liking the intervention and have purchased it (Chaudhry 2010, Flores Mateo 2015, Fukuoka 2015, Morgan 2017, Owen 2015, Simblett 2018, Whitehead 2016, Endeavour Partners, Perez 2019).”
BackgroundCooper, D. D. J., Champion, S. M., Stavropoulos, L., & Grisham, J. R. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12279 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Venkatasubramanian, K., & Ranalli, T.-M. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3544798 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In the past decade, the US federal government has developed several trauma-focused apps that help military veterans and US-Department-of-Defense-afliated military and civilian personnel seek help, understand, and manage the negative trauma efects they experience [58, 61, 68, 81].”
BackgroundInfluentialOrtiz, A., Park, Y., Gonzalez‐Torres, C., Alda, M., Blumberger, D. M., Burnett, R., Husain, M. I., Sanches, M., & Mulsant, B. H. (2023) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00297-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Varma, N., Cygankiewicz, I., Turakhia, M. P., Heidbüchel, H., Hu, Y., Chen, L. Y., Couderc, J., Cronin, E. M., Estep, J. D., Grieten, L., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal - Digital Health · doi:10.1093/ehjdh/ztab001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Owen, J. E., Jaworski, B. K., Kuhn, E., Makin-Byrd, K. N., Ramsey, K. M., & Hoffman, J. E.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Owen, Jason E
- Venue
- JMIR Mental Health
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2015-03-25
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e7
- ISSN
- 2368-7959 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4607374
- OpenAlex
- W2141334117
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 24.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- mobile health apps, post-traumatic stress disorder, online reviews, symptom management, attrition, public health impact, mental health education, distress reduction
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