Digital Technologies in the Treatment of Anxiety: Recent Innovations and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of review This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the efficacy, limitations, and future of e-health treatments for anxiety. Within this, we provide detail on "first-generation" e-health approaches, such as computerized therapies. Additionally, we assess the emergence and early efficacy of newer methods of treatment delivery, including smartphone apps and virtual reality interventions, discussing the potential and pitfalls for each.Recent findings There is now substantial clinical research demonstrating the efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of anxiety. However, the ability of these interventions for engaging patients in "real-world" settings is unclear. Recently, smartphone apps for anxiety have presented a more popular and ubiquitous method of intervention delivery, although the evidence base supporting these newer approaches drastically falls behind the extensive marketing and commercialization efforts currently driving their development. Meanwhile, the increasing availability of novel technologies, such as "virtual reality" (VR), introduces further potential of e-health treatments for generalized anxiety and anxiety-related disorders such as phobias and obsessive compulsive disorder, while also creating additional challenges for research. Although still in its infancy, e-health research is already presenting several promising avenues for delivering effective and scalable treatments for anxiety. Nonetheless, several important steps must be taken in order for academic research to keep pace with continued technological advances.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The high prevalence of anxiety vastly exceeds the capacities of mental health services, and this gap has only increased over the past several years.
“The high prevalence of anxiety “vastly exceeds the capacities of mental health services,” and this gap has only increased over the past several years [75].”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
The Introduction says the population prevalence of anxiety-related disorders vastly exceeds mental health services’ capacity to provide face-to-face therapy. The Conclusions describe services as increasingly overstretched, but neither passage establishes that the gap between prevalence and service capacity has increased over the past several years. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis
SPEK, V., CUIJPERS, P., NYKLÍČEK, I., RIPER, H., KEYZER, J., & POP, V. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008944 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression
Baxter, A. J., Scott, K. M., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171200147x · Cited by 1,537 · see citing works
Virtual Reality in the Assessment, Understanding, and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders
Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700040x · Cited by 1,428 · see citing works
Andrews, G., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G., McEvoy, P., & Titov, N. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013196 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1401115 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Firth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Pratap, A., Rosenbaum, S., & Sarris, J. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20472 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Self-citationKatzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis
Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N. A., Leibenluft, E., Ernst, M., & Pine, D. S. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.021 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Torous, J., Kiang, M. V., Lorme, J., & Onnela, J.-P. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5165 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Self-citationFirth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Rosenbaum, S., & Sarris, J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Self-citationStubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Rosenbaum, S., Firth, J., Cosco, T., Veronese, N., Salum, G. A., & Schuch, F. B. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.020 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Self-citationMorina, N., Ijntema, H., Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Computer‐Aided Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Meta‐Analytic Review
Cuijpers, P., Marks, I. M., van Straten, A., Cavanagh, K., Gega, L., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802694776 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
The WPA-Lancet psychiatry commission on the future of psychiatry
Bhugra, D., Tasman, A., Pathare, S., Priebe, S., Smith, S., Torous, J., Arbuckle, M. R., Langford, A., Alarcón, R. D., Chiu, H. F. K., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30333-4 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Bailey, K., Hayden, J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011565.pub2 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Firth, J., Cotter, J., Torous, J., Bucci, S., Firth, J. A., & Yung, A. R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv132 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationCalear, A. L., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A., Griffiths, K. M., & O'Kearney, R. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017391 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey
Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., Rosenbaum, S., Mugisha, J., Veronese, N., Lahti, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.028 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationJacka, F. N., Mykletun, A., Berk, M., Bjelland, I., & Tell, G. S. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318222831a · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Korten, A. (2002) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4.1.e3 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., McIntyre, K., Schwencke, G., & Solley, K. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010942 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Smartphone Apps for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Firth, J., & Torous, J. (2015) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4930 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citationThe prevalence and burden of subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review
Haller, H., Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Gass, F., & Dobos, G. J. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-128 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Roepke, A. M., Jaffee, S. R., Riffle, O. M., McGonigal, J., Broome, R., & Maxwell, B. (2015) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2014.0046 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Proudfoot, J., Clarke, J., Birch, M.-R., Whitton, A. E., Parker, G., Manicavasagar, V., Harrison, V., Christensen, H., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-312 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet-based mindfulness treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Boettcher, J., Åström, V., Påhlsson, D., Schenström, O., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.11.003 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review
Ridgers, N. D., McNarry, M. A., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6540 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Anxiety: There is an app for that. A systematic review of anxiety apps: SUCALA et al.
Sucala, M., Cuijpers, P., Muench, F., Cardoș, R., Soflau, R., Dobrean, A., Achimas-Cadariu, P., & David, D. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22654 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
MARKS, I. M., KENWRIGHT, M., McDONOUGH, M., WHITTAKER, M., & MATAIX-COLS, D. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170300878x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Choi, I., Schwencke, G., & Mahoney, A. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802512107 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
mHealth in the Wild: Using Novel Data to Examine the Reach, Use, and Impact of PTSD Coach
Owen, J. E., Jaworski, B. K., Kuhn, E., Makin-Byrd, K. N., Ramsey, K. M., & Hoffman, J. E. (2015) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.3935 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Carlbring, P., Apelstrand, M., Sehlin, H., Amir, N., Rousseau, A., Hofmann, S. G., & Andersson, G. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-66 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Ling, Y., Nefs, H. T., Morina, N., Heynderickx, I., & Brinkman, W.-P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096144 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Andréewitch, S., Karlsson, A., Carlbring, P., Andersson, E., & Lindefors, N. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-54 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The digital placebo effect: mobile mental health meets clinical psychiatry
Torous, J., & Firth, J. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00565-9 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationEnock, P. M., Hofmann, S. G., & McNally, R. J. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9606-z · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Newby, J. M., Mackenzie, A., Williams, A. D., McIntyre, K., Watts, S., Wong, N., & Andrews, G. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000111 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantifying App Store Dynamics: Longitudinal Tracking of Mental Health Apps
Larsen, M. E., Nicholas, J., & Christensen, H. (2016) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6020 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationWas Eysenck right after all? A reassessment of the effects of psychotherapy for adult depression
Cuijpers, P. J., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2018) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796018000057 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Berger, T., Boettcher, J., & Caspar, F. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0032527 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Smartphone Applications Utilizing Biofeedback Can Aid Stress Reduction
Dillon, A. C., Kelly, M., Robertson, I. H., & Robertson, D. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00832 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Johnston, L., Titov, N., Andrews, G., Spence, J., & Dear, B. F. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028079 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Nordgren, L. B., Hedman, E., Etienne, J., Bodin, J., Kadowaki, Å., Eriksson, S., Lindkvist, E., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Kaldo, V., Jansson, L., Andersson, E., Andersson, E., Blom, K., et al. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12079 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-help stress management training through mobile phones: An experience with oncology nurses
Villani, D., Grassi, A., Cognetta, C., Toniolo, D., Cipresso, P., & Riva, G. (2013) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0026459 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Klein, B., Mitchell, J., Abbott, J.-A., Shandley, K. A., Austin, D., Gilson, K., Kiropoulos, L. A., Cannard, G., & Redman, T. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.005 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
A 5-Year Follow-up of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Lindefors, N., & Andersson, G. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1776 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Axelsson, E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., & Ljótsson, B. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.181396 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Andersson, G., Waara, J., Jonsson, U., Malmaeus, F., Carlbring, P., & Öst, L. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902931326 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Torous, J., Firth, J., Huckvale, K., Larsen, M. E., Cosco, T. D., Carney, R., Chan, S., Pratap, A., Yellowlees, P., Wykes, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000864 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationMewton, L., Wong, N., & Andrews, G. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21995 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Newby, J. M., Mewton, L. R., Williams, A. D., & Andrews, G. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.037 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationMahoney, A. E. J., Mackenzie, A., Williams, A. D., Smith, J., & Andrews, G. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.012 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Dahlin, M., Andersson, G., Magnusson, K., Johansson, T., Sjögren, J., Håkansson, A., Pettersson, M., Kadowaki, Å., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Newby, J. M., Smith, J., Uppal, S., Mason, E., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Andrews, G. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000248 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationSunderland, M., Wong, N., Hilvert-Bruce, Z., & Andrews, G. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Alyami, M. M., Giri, B., Alyami, H., & Sundram, F. (2017) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2017-102664 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ecological momentary assessment and beyond: The rising interest in e-mental health research
Firth, J., Torous, J. B., & Yung, A. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.05.002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationMorgan, C., Mason, E., Newby, J. M., Mahoney, A. E. J., Hobbs, M. J., McAloon, J., & Andrews, G. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.10.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety Disorders Is Here to Stay
Andrews, G., Newby, J. M., & Williams, A. D. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0533-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterizing Smartphone Engagement for Schizophrenia: Results of a Naturalist Mobile Health Study
Torous, J., Staples, P., Slaters, L., Adams, J., Sandoval, L., Onnela, J., & Keshavan, M. (2017) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.jtps.071317 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationBridging the dichotomy of actual versus aspirational digital health
Torous, J. B., & Firth, J. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20464 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationNaeem, F., Gire, N., Xiang, S., Yang, M., Syed, Y., Shokraneh, F., Adams, C., & Farooq, S. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i2.187 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Letter to the Editor: Affordable virtual reality tools for the treatment of mental health problems
Newby, J. M., & Jiang, M. Y. W. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003531 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Philippe, T. J., Sikder, N., Jackson, A., Koblanski, M. E., Liow, E., Pilarinos, A., & Vasarhelyi, K. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/35159 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
What Is the Current and Future Status of Digital Mental Health Interventions?
Baños, R. M., Herrero, R., & Vara, M. D. (2022) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2022.2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Design and evaluation of a context-aware model based on psychophysiology
Bavaresco, R. S., Barbosa, J. L. V., Vianna, H. D., Büttenbender, P. C., & Dias, L. P. S. (2019) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105299 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mental Health Apps in Psychiatric Treatment: A Patient Perspective on Real World Technology Usage
Chiauzzi, E., & Newell, A. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12292 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Newbold, A., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Hulme, C. T., Burnett, S., Aas, B., Botella, C., Burkhardt, F., Ehring, T. W., Fontaine, J. R. J., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02857-w · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Robinson, T., Condell, J. V., Ramsey, E., & Leavey, G. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032636 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Roy, A., Hoge, E. A., Abrante, P., Druker, S., Liu, T., & Brewer, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26987 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Borjalilu, S., Mazaheri, M. A., & Talebpour, A. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.84726 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Przybylko, G., Morton, D. P., Kent, L. M., Morton, J. K., Hinze, J. S., Beamish, P., & Renfrew, M. E. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00577-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Predicting eating disorders from Internet activity
Sadeh‐Sharvit, S., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., Taylor, C. B., & Yom‐Tov, E. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23338 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Smartphone psychology: New approaches towards safe and efficacious mobile mental health apps.
Marshall, J. M., Dunstan, D. A., & Bartik, W. (2020) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000278 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Huang, S., Wang, Y., Li, G., Hall, B. J., & Nyman, T. J. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/56650 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kajitani, K., Higashijima, I., Kaneko, K., Matsushita, T., Fukumori, H., & Kim, D. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239592 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Marshall, J. M., Dunstan, D. A., & Bartik, W. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/17159 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Die Entwicklung virtueller Realität als Expositionsverfahren
Diemer, J., & Zwanzger, P. (2019) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-019-0678-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Buitenweg, D. C., Bongers, I. L., van de Mheen, D., OERS, H. A. M. V., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12378 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Leveraging the Power of Nondisruptive Technologies to Optimize Mental Health Treatment: Case Study
Sadeh‐Sharvit, S., & Hollon, S. D. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/20646 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Laurito, L. D., dos Santos‐Ribeiro, S., Moreira‐de‐Oliveira, M. E., Loureiro, C. P., Hühne, V., Torres, B., de Faro, L. F. T., de Menezes, G. B., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1286865 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Guțu, S., Cosmoiu, A., Cojocaru, D., Turturescu, D., Popoviciu, C. M., & Giosan, C. (2021) · Annals of Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.26420/anndepressanxiety.2021.1107 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Research Advances in ADHD and Technology
Cibrian, F. L., Hayes, G. R., & Lakes, K. D. (2021) · Synthesis lectures on technology and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01606-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Edge, D., Newbold, A., Ehring, T. W., Rosenkranz, T., Frost, M. M., & Watkins, E. R. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03536-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Condom application skills and self-efficacy in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ferrand, J. L., Blashill, A. J., Corliss, H. L., & Buhi, E. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249753 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Edge, D., Watkins, E. R., Newbold, A., Ehring, T. W., Frost, M. M., & Rosenkranz, T. (2024) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/51932 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Classification of Anxiety Based on EDA and HR
Sebastião, R. (2021) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69963-5_8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Arabatzoudis, T., Rehm, I. C., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100689 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Planert, J., Machulska, A., Hildebrand, A. S., Roesmann, K., Otto, E., & Klucken, T. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06366-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gu, J., Miller, C. B., Henry, A. L., Espie, C. A., Davis, M., Stott, R. B., Emsley, R., Smits, J. A. J., Craske, M. G., Saunders, K., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4230-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in the Digital Age
Blackburn, A. M., & Goetter, E. M. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_16 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Research Advances in ADHD and Technology
Cibrian, F. L., Hayes, G. R., & Lakes, K. D. (2020) · Synthesis lectures on assistive, rehabilitative, and health-preserving technologies · doi:10.2200/s01061ed1v01y202011arh015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adams, L., Valmaggia, L., & Simonoff, E. A. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-021-00275-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jung, H. W., Jang, K.-W., Nam, S., Kim, A. Y., Lee, J., Ahn, M. E., Lee, S., Kim, Y. J., Shin, J.-K., & Roh, D. D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051771 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Niiberg-Pikksööt, T., Laas, K., Aluoja, A., & Braschinsky, M. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000295 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Operationalizing Engagement With an Interpretation Bias Smartphone App Intervention: Case Series
Ramadurai, R., Beckham, E. E., McHugh, R. K., Björgvinsson, Þ., & Beard, C. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/33545 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aplicaciones móviles para ansiedad: una revisión en Argentina
Celleri, M., & Garay, C. J. (2021) · Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento ( RACC ) · doi:10.32348/1852.4206.v13.n1.23681 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Александрович, З. К., Игоревич, Н. Д., & Solovieva, M. (2021) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4681 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Watkins, E. R., Phillips, D., Cranston, T., Choueiri, H., Newton, M., Cook, H., & Taylor, G. J. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06079-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Koh, Y., Lee, C., Joung, E., Lee, H., & Lee, U. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3749485 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Mental Health
Nurfadhilah, E., Yoganingrum, A., Latief, A. D., Widyasuri, A., Jarin, A., Afra, D. I. N., Gunarso, G., Komariah, K. S., Uliniansyah, M. T., Untariyati, N. A., et al. (2024) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7011-7.ch011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shih, E., Aylward, B. S., Kunkle, S., & Graziani, G. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35352 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Banire, B., Orr, M., Burns, H., McGowan, Y., Orji, R., & Meier, S. M. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/56326 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A VR Game for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Therapy
Torrão, A. R., Natário, J., Carvalho, P. S., Silva, C. M., & Silva, F. G. M. (2021) · International Conference on Graphics and Interaction (ICGI) · doi:10.1109/icgi54032.2021.9655282 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nutzung digitaler Innovationen durch Patient*innen im Versorgungsprozess – Ein Scoping Review
Kreyenschulte, T., & Bohnet-Joschko, S. (2022) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/a-1791-0689 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Taşgın, F. G., & Taşgın, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13090775 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How digital innovation affects the cooperative behavior?
Yin, Y., Guo, S., Li, X., Guo, S., & Xie, W. (2025) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/ijmpb-09-2024-0212 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chapter 12. Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma-Related Disorders
Conroy, M. L., Maruca-Sullivan, P. E., Lane, C. E., & Cook, J. M. (2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375196.ds12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
E-Mental Health: Trends, Chancen und Risiken in der Versorgung
Zipfel, S., Junne, F., Ringwald, J., & Giel, K. E. (2018) · PiD - Psychotherapie im Dialog · doi:10.1055/a-0592-0164 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Could the use of web-based applications assist in neuropsychiatric treatment? An umbrella review
Pelucio, L., Quagliato, L. A., Cardoso, A., Horato, N., & Nardi, A. E. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02263-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Study on Promoting College Students’ Mental Health by AI Music Therapy Based on Big Data Analysis
Song, X., Zheng, J., & He, J. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Asia (ICCE-Asia) · doi:10.1109/icce-asia67487.2025.11263737 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Technological Interventions for Anxiety Disorders
Baños, R., Vara, M., Mira, A., García-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2020) · Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00008-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kumi, E. (2024) · African Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.26437/ajar.v10i2.795 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
McHugh, C. M., Song, Y. J. C., Zmicerevska, N., Crouse, J. J., Nichles, A., Wilson, C. E., Ho, N., Iorfino, F., Skinner, A., Scott, E. M., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054264 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Przybylko, G., Morton, D. P., Kent, L. M., Morton, J. K., Hinze, J. S., Beamish, P., & Renfrew, M. E. (2019) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-22666/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psicologia em Diferentes Contextos : Saúde Mental e Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável
Madalozzo, M. M., Cemin, T. M., & Böhm, V. (2023) · doi:10.18226/9786558072942 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rutkauskaitė, R., Gruodytė-Račienė, R., Pliuskute, G., Ladygiene, I., & Bubinas, G. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15040508 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Digital interventions for mental health
Hariman, K. W. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0055 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Virtual Reality Game as a Tool for Psychotherapy With OCD Patients
Torrão, A. R., Natário, J., Carvalho, P. S., Silva, C. M., & Silva, F. G. M. (2022) · International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics · doi:10.4018/ijcicg.311834 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Editorial: Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of anxiety
Grilli, M., & Zaed, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1241279 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining Consistency in Intervention Response With Multiple-Groups Latent Curve Models: A TutorialPreprint
Fishbein, J. N., & Arch, J. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s4bwd
Patentes em tecnologias digitais para tratamento de transtornos de ansiedade: um estudo longitudinal
de Lima, A. A. F., Ferreira, C. D. L. S., Netto, A. M., & Amaral, A. (2022) · Conjecturas · doi:10.53660/conj-2258-2w63
Digestivamente: Aplicación móvil para pacientes con Síndrome de Intestino Irritable
Celleri, M., Koutsovitis, F., Donatti, S., Ierache, J. S., Zaragoza, J., Domínguez, N., Merlino, H., & Garay, C. J. (2022) · Vertex Revista Argentina de Psiquiatría · doi:10.53680/vertex.v33i158.317
Niiberg-Pikksööt, T., Laas, K., Aluoja, A., & Braschinsky, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933214/v1
Link, M., Gerth, S., Belikova-Gerth, V., & Jesse, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-42060-4_9
Clinical Research Methodologies: Choosing the right approach for successful trials
Sharma, Y., Sheetal, S., Saloni, S., & Anchal (2024) · International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) · doi:10.69580/ijppr.15.2.2024.140-153
Drug Repurposing: A strategic approach to addressing unmet medical needs
Goel, G. (2024) · International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) · doi:10.69580/ijppr.15.2.2024.154-163
Gu, J., Miller, C. B., Henry, A. L., Espie, C. A., Davis, M. L., Stott, R., Emsley, R., Smits, J. A. J., Craske, M., Saunders, K. E. A., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12186165
Oh, H., Hong, N., Kim, K., Oh, D.-H., Kim, J.-J., & Kim, E. (2026) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-025-01285-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dan, P.-L.-Y.-M. R., Nalipay, M. J., Simon, P. D., Liu, S.-X., & King, R. B. (2026) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.70157 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Digital Mental Health Interventions and Their Effectiveness in Improving Global Well-Being
Lokeshwari, D. V. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-2686-1.ch003
- Authors
- Firth, J., Torous, J., Carney, R., Newby, J., Cosco, T. D., Christensen, H., & Sarris, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Firth, Joseph
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2018-05-19
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 44-44
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC7006989
- OpenAlex
- W2804293894
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MFE146676)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH116130)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, e-health, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, mobile application, virtual reality intervention, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, treatment engagement, digital mental health
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Internet, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, Mobile Applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
