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Infant Visual Sustained Attention and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
Abstract
Infants were studied cross-sectionally at 14, 20, and 26 weeks of age. They were presented with varying and complex patterns on a TV screen. Two-thirds of the presentations were accompanied by an "interrupting stimulus" in the periphery delayed in time from the onset of fixation on the central stimulus. The infants were not easily distracted from looking at the central stimulus when the presentation of the interrupting stimulus occurred at the point of maximal heart rate (HR) deceleration. However, if the presentation occurred at the end of the HR response, the infants were easily distracted. Infants with large amounts of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; i.e., HR variability) in a baseline recording were less distractible during the deceleration-defined trials than were infants with low amounts of RSA. High-RSA infants also showed larger HR deceleration on these trials than did the low-RSA infants. These results are consistent with a model positing that sustained HR lowering during visual fixation is an index of active attention and that RSA is an index of voluntary, sustained attention in infants.
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“Heart-rate variability, or vagal tone, has been linked to several measures of cognitive and emotional processes involving attention and stimulus appraisal (Lacey & Lacey, 1958;Porges, Arnold, & Forbes, 1973;Richards, 1987;Wenger, 1941).”
From Infant and parent factors associated with early maternal sensitivity: A caregiver-attachment systems approach (2007) · cites this paper as Richards, 1987
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Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., Saus-Rose, E., & Johnsen, B. H. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9101-z · Cited by 1,872
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BackgroundAutonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry
Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0 · Cited by 857
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“The importance of parasympathetic deficiency in GAD becomes clearer when one considers other research that indicates that stronger vagal tone is significantly related to more adaptive attentional deployment (Porges, 1992; Richards, 1987).”
BackgroundVagal influence on working memory and attention
Hansen, A. L., Johnsen, B. H., & Thayer, J. F. (2003) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00073-4 · Cited by 759
“The Richards (1987) study reported that infants with high respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were less distractable than infants characterized by low RSA.”
BackgroundMethodThe Development of Visual Attention in Infancy
Colombo, J. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.337 · Cited by 673
“Infants are far less distractible during periods of sustained attention in both experimental laboratory settings (Richards 1985a, 1987, 1988, 1989b, 1997b; Casey & Richards 1988) as well as in more naturalistic settings during object manipulation and examination (Lansink & Richards 1997, Oakes &…”
BackgroundAslin, R. Ν. (2006) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00563.x · Cited by 519
“Such combined measures are already being used in some labs to gather from individual infants, simultaneously, both looking times and other dependent measures such as heart rate (Colombo, Richman, Shaddy, Follmer Green-hoot & Maikranz, 2001; Richards, 1987) and ERPs (Reynolds & Richards, 2005).”
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“Of importance, across numerous studies, these very traits have been associated with modest RSA withdrawal to emotion evocation and attention demanding tasks (e.g., Marcovitch et al., 2010; Richards, 1987; Suess, Porges, & Plude, 1994).”
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“Although there are other components of HR variability, the RSA measure has been identified as suitable for the study of physiological links to multiple dimensions of behavioral functioning in young children (Huffman et al., 1998; Richards, 1985, 1987 ).”
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“Although there are other components of HR variability, the RSA measure has been identified as suitable for the study of physiological links to multiple dimensions of behavioral functioning in young children (Huffman et al., 1998; Richards, 1985, 1987 ).”
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Calkins, S. D., Graziano, P. A., & Keane, S. P. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.09.005 · Cited by 334
“Although there are other components of HR variability, the RSA measure has been identified as suitable for the study of physiological links to multiple dimensions of behavioral functioning inyoung children (Huffman et al., 1998; Richards, 1985, 1987 ).”
BackgroundChildren’s Emotion-Related Regulation
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Reassessing emotion regulation.
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“…which is achieved during early infancy, eventually becomes integrated into the processes of attentional engagement and disengagement (Porges, 1996; Richards, 1985, 1987), emotional regulation (Calkins, 1997), and the behavioral and cognitive control processes characteristic of early childhood…”
BackgroundHeart Rate Variability During Attention Phases in Young Infants
Richards, J. E., & Casey, B. J. (1991) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb03385.x · Cited by 258
“The pattern of heart rate response to the visual stimulus replicated previous work with infants of these ages (e.g., Casey & Richards, 1988; Richards, 1987).”
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Relationships between features of autonomic cardiovascular control and cognitive performance
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“This is consistent, for instance, with Richards’ (1987) observation of reduced distractibility in infants with high baseline RSA.”
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Colombo, J., Shaddy, D. J., Richman, W. A., Maikranz, J. M., & Blaga, O. M. (2004) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0501_1 · Cited by 174
“However, the point has been made definitively by Richards (Casey & Richards, 1988; Richards, 1985, 1987, 1994; Richards & Casey, 1990a, 1990b, 1991, 1992; Richards & Gibson, 1997; Richards & Lansink, 1997), who used respiratory and cardiac measures in a systematic program of research to investigate different phases of…”
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Richards, J. E. (2010) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2010.03.005 · Cited by 133
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Self-citationDoussard‐Roosevelt, J. A., Montgomery, L. A., & Porges, S. W. (2003) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.10136 · Cited by 130
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Emotion-Related Self-Regulation in Children
Eisenberg, N., & Sulik, M. J. (2011) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628311430172 · Cited by 146
“Infants and children with high RSA suppression are also rated by their mothers as having higher attention (Huffman et al., 1998; Richards, 1987) and emotion regulation (Gottman, Katz, & Hooven, 1996).”
BackgroundCardiac activity in infancy: Reliability and stability of individual differences
Fracasso, M. P., Porges, S. W., Lamb, M. E., & Rosenberg, A. A. (1994) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(94)90006-x · Cited by 113
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“Evidence suggests that high vagal tone also enhances cognitive processes involved in learning, including attentional capacity (Porges, 1984; Richards, 1987 ) and verbal memory (Clark et al., 1999).”
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Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Clohessy, A. B. (1990) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)60450-1 · Cited by 106
Cardiac function and behavioral reactivity during infancy
Snidman, N. C., Kagan, J., Riordan, L. L., & Shannon, D. C. (1995) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02949.x · Cited by 108
Colombo, J. A., Carlson, S. E., Cheatham, C. L., Gustafson, K. M., Kepler, A., & Doty, T. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e31822a59f5 · Cited by 97
“The proportion of time spent in SA, which is the phase of attention most strongly linked to active information processing in human infants (37,38), was increased relative to controls in the 0.”
ResultLansink, J. M., & Richards, J. E. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04224.x · Cited by 94
Self-citationA comparative validation of sympathetic reactivity in children and adults
Quigley, K. S., & Stifter, C. A. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00405.x · Cited by 98
“Measures of baseline RSA have been used to index regulatory abilities such as attention in young and older children (Richards, 1987; Stifter & Jain, 1996; Suess & Bornstein, 1994).”
MethodIndividual Differences in Infants' Recognition of Briefly Presented Visual Stimuli
Frick, J. E., & Richards, J. E. (2001) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0203_3 · Cited by 90
“Infants with higher baseline levels of heart period variability have been reported to show greater amounts of sustained visual attention, as defined by heart rate (Richards, 1987, 1997b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCardiovascular indices of physiological arousal in boys with fragile X syndrome
Roberts, J. E., Boccia, M. L., Bailey, D. B., Hatton, D. D., & Skinner, M. L. (2001) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.1035 · Cited by 88
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and cognitive functioning in children
Staton, L., El‐Sheikh, M., & Buckhalt, J. A. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20361 · Cited by 87
“Further, Richards (1987) reported that infants with lower RSA measures are more distracted than those with higher RSA.”
Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Borkovec, T. D., & Newman, M. G. (1998) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00201-7 · Cited by 84
Children's Emotional Reactions to Stressful Parent-Child Interactions
Gottman, J. M., & Katz, L. F. (2002) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1300/j002v34n03_04 · Cited by 84
“…greater ability to focus attention, and greater ability to self-soothe and explore novel stimuli (DiPietro & Porges, 1991; Fox, 1989a; Hofheimer & Lawson, 1988; Linnemeyer & Porges, 1986; Porter, Porges, & Marshall, 1988; Richards, 1987; Stifter & Fox, 1990; Stifter, Fox & Porges, 1989).”
Infant heart-rate variability and behavioral developmental status
Richards, J. E., & Cameron, D. (1989) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(89)90052-0 · Cited by 80
Self-citationPsychophysiological Methods and Developmental Psychopathology
Zisner, A. R., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy222 · Cited by 84
Developmental Changes in Infant Attention to Dynamic and Static Stimuli
Shaddy, D. J., & Colombo, J. A. (2004) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0503_6 · Cited by 78
“Richards (1987, 1997) has suggested that SA represents active encoding; this logically implies that some parameter of SA (e.g., greater amount or depth of SA) should predict improved infant performance on cognitive tasks.”
BackgroundThe ontogeny of autonomic measures in 6‐ and 12‐month‐old infants
Alkon, A., Lippert, S. C., Davis, N. V., Rodriquez, M. E., Boyce, W. T., & Eskenazi, B. (2006) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20129 · Cited by 82
“Other studies showed that protocol length and infant’s attention to challenges are important factors in eliciting autonomic responses (Bazhenova et al., 2001; Richards, 1987).”
BackgroundThe Unmaking and Making of Self: Embodied Suffering and Mind–Body Healing in Brazilian Candomblé
Seligman, R. A. (2010) · Ethos · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1352.2010.01146.x · Cited by 75
“Psychological and cultural anthropologists have produced a large body of work treating the self as a discursive formation (Ewing 1990; Rosaldo 1984; Shweder and Bourne 1984).”
BackgroundFlow experience and the mobilization of attentional resources
Barros, M. F. D. S., Araújo-Moreira, F. M., Trevelin, L. C., & Radel, R. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0606-4 · Cited by 82
“…in a way that the sympathetic branch is activated and the parasympathetic branch is down-regulated during sustained attention, which can be observed through many peripheral indices such as cardiac or respiratory measures (e.g., Richards, 1987; Zanstra, Schellekens, Schaap, & Kooistra, 2006).”
BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and cardiac vagal control: a systematic review
Rash, J. A., & Aguirre-Camacho, A. (2012) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-012-0087-1 · Cited by 72
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Background lead and mercury exposures: Psychological and behavioral problems in children
Gump, B. B., Dykas, M. J., MacKenzie, J. A., Dumas, A. K., Hruska, B. J., Ewart, C. K., Parsons, P. J., Palmer, C. D., & Bendinskas, K. G. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.033 · Cited by 77
“Specifically, vagal activity when an organism is at rest is regarded as a mechanism for maintaining homeostasis (Richards, 1987).”
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“In both types of studies, however, the maintenance of attention to particular stimuli is considered voluntary, requiring regulation of attention through cognitive control (Posner and Petersen 1990; Richards 1987).”
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Development and Stability in Visual Sustained Attention in 14, 20, and 26 Week Old Infants
Richards, J. E. (1989) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01944.x · Cited by 68
“…sinus arrhythmia was defined as the power of heart rate summed over a frequency range of 0.1953 Hz (11.71 breaths per minute) and centered at the modal respiration frequency for that baseline period (Richards , 1985b, 1986, 1987; cf. Harper et aI., 1978, and Porges; McCabe, & Yongue, 1982).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAssessing selective sustained attention in 3- to 5-year-old children: Evidence from a new paradigm
Fisher, A. V., Thiessen, E. D., Godwin, K. E., Kloos, H., & Dickerson, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.07.006 · Cited by 73
“…depends on factors such as stimulus novelty and complexity; sustained attention is at its maximum when objects are novel and termination of sustained attention is particularly likely if there is competition from another novel object or event (e.g., Casey & Richards, 1988; Richards, 1987).”
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Beyond the Bayley: Neurocognitive Assessments of Development During Infancy and Toddlerhood
Brito, N. H., Fifer, W. P., Amso, D., Barr, R., Bell, M. A., Calkins, S. D., Flynn, A., Montgomery‐Downs, H. E., Oakes, L. M., Richards, J. E., et al. (2019) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1564310 · Cited by 72
“Respiratory and cardiac measures during looking have revealed that the degree of infants ’ active processing varies systematically within a look (Richards, 1985, 1987; Richards & Casey, 1990, 1991).”
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“Empirical work has shown that infants with greater RSA display greater sustained attention and visual discrimination (Linnemeyer & Porges, 1986; Richards, 1987), and show increased emotion to novel events (Stifter, Fox, & Porges, 1989).”
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Alters Biobehavioral Reactivity to Pain in Newborns
Oberlander, T. F., Jacobson, S. W., Weinberg, J., GRUNAU, R. E., Molteno, C. D., & Jacobson, J. L. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01137.x · Cited by 61
“…the variations that coincide with respiration (HFP or RSA), have been used as indices of developmental risk (Porges, 1992; Porges and Bohrer, 1990), neonatal capacity to respond to stress / pain (Oberlander and Saul, 2002; Oberlander et al., 2000), and sustained attention (Richards, 1987, 1994).”
MethodRespiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Cardiovascular Responses to Stress
Lane, J. D., Adcock, R. A., & Burnett, R. E. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01720.x · Cited by 59
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“Attending RSA changes in response to voluntary sustained attention during nonchallenging visual fixation in infants (Richards, 1987) and college students (Berntson, Cacioppo, & Fieldstone, 1996).”
Regulatory Competence and Early Disruptive Behavior Problems: The Role of Physiological Regulation
Calkins, S. D. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575877.006 · Cited by 52
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“…& Eisenbud, 1993; Gottman & Katz, 2002), better regulation/soothability (Calkins, 1997; Calkins & Fox, 2002; Stifter & Fox, 1990) good attentional ability (Richards, 1985, 1987; Suess et al., 1994), and fewer behavior problems (Calkins & Howse, 2004; Huffman et al., 1998) in infants and children.”
Whitson, S. M., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2003) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(01)00067-2 · Cited by 59
Visual attention and autistic behavior in infants with fragile X syndrome
Roberts, J. E., Hatton, D. D., Long, A. C. J., Anello, V., & Colombo, J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1316-8 · Cited by 50
“In addition to general mean HR and variability, we were interested in patterns of heart activity reflecting decelerative phases during which active cognitive processing is believed to occur (Colombo et al. 2004; Richards 1987 ).”
Infant Heart Rate: A Developmental Psychophysiological Perspective
Reynolds, G. D., & Richards, J. E. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499791.009 · Cited by 56
Self-citationThe Influence of Adult Intervention on Infants' Level of Attention
Parrinello, R., & Ruff, H. A. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03265.x · Cited by 58
Cheng, C., Káldy, Z., & Blaser, E. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100616 · Cited by 40
“…rate as a marker of attentional focus: when infants’ heart rate decelerated from a pre-trial baseline, they were less likely to get distracted from a fixated stimulus by the presentation of a second stimulus; researchers defined this period as “sustained attention phase” (Richards, 1985, 1987).”
Physiological markers in early infancy: Stability of 1-to 6-month vagal tone
Porter, C. L., Bryan, Y. E., & Hsu, H. (1995) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(95)90025-x · Cited by 42
Wagner, N. J., Holochwost, S. J., Lynch, S. F., Mills-Koonce, R., & Propper, C. B. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.025 · Cited by 47
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“In infants, changes in heart rate following the onset of a visual stimulus reflect systematic changes in attention manifested by variation in distractibility during continuous fixation of the stimulus (6).”
BackgroundInteractions between autonomic cardiovascular regulation and cortical activity: A CNV study
Duschek, S., Wörsching, J., & del Paso, G. A. R. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12026 · Cited by 40
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and social interaction patterns in preterm newborns
Hofheimer, J. A., Wood, B. R., Porges, S. W., Pearson, E., & Lawson, E. E. (1995) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(95)90052-7 · Cited by 36
Effects of human contact and vagal regulation on pain reactivity and visual attention in newborns
Arditi‐Babchuk, H., Feldman, R., & Eidelman, A. I. (2006) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20150 · Cited by 35
“When sustained attention is developed later in infancy, visual attention measures become associated with heart period and vagal tone (Bornstein & Suess, 2000; Linnemeyer & Porges, 1986, Richards, 1985, 1987).”
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Wass, S. V. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100978 · Cited by 36
Peripheral stimulus localization by infants with eye and head movements during visual attention
Richards, J. E., & Hunter, S. K. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00082-5 · Cited by 34
Self-citationDiPietro, J. A., Caughy, M. O., Cusson, R. M., & Fox, N. A. (1994) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420270302 · Cited by 33
Peripheral Stimulus Localization by 5‐ to 14‐Week‐Old Infants During Phases of Attention
Hunter, S. K., & Richards, J. E. (2003) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0401_1 · Cited by 31
“5, and 6 months) from Richards and Hunter (1997). There was a clear decrease in the linear trend from the 5- to 8- to 11-week-old infants.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationLevels-of-Processing Effects in Infant Memory?
Adler, S. A., Gerhardstein, P. C., & Rovee‐Collier, C. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06188.x · Cited by 33
“Researchers using a number of different paradigms and measures have reported that very young infants can selectively attend to one of two or more simultaneously presented stimuli (Bahrick, Walker, & Neisser, 1981; Fagan, 1970; Richards, 1987; Ruff, 1975).”
BackgroundWass, S. V. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.029 · Cited by 29
Richards, J. E. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02212.x · Cited by 28
Self-citationWhat Habituates in Infant Visual Habituation? A Psychophysiological Analysis
Colombo, J. A., Shaddy, D. J., Anderson, C. J., Gibson, L. J., Blaga, O. M., & Kannass, K. N. (2010) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2009.00012.x · Cited by 25
Haley, D. W., GRUNAU, R. E., Weinberg, J., Keidar, A., & Oberlander, T. F. (2010) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.007 · Cited by 24
“The capacity to withdraw parasympathetic activity in response to a challenge is thought to be adaptive and has been linked to cognitive performance (e.g., Bornstein & Suess, 2000; Richards, 1987), emotion regulation (e.”
A refractory period for the heart rate response in infant visual attention
Casey, B. J., & Richards, J. E. (1991) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420240503 · Cited by 24
Self-citationEmotion‐Related Regulation: The Construct and its Measurement
Eisenberg, N., Morris, A. S., & Spinrad, T. L. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470756676.ch21 · Cited by 25
Hicks, J. M., & Richards, J. E. (1998) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(98)90030-3 · Cited by 22
Self-citationHeart Rate Offset Responses to Visual Stimuli in Infants from 14 to 26 Weeks of Age
Richards, J. E. (1988) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01243.x · Cited by 21
Self-citationSustained visual attention in 8-week-old infants
Richards, J. E. (1989) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(89)90024-6 · Cited by 20
Self-citationToddlers’ physiological response to parent's mobile device distraction and technoference
Porter, C. L., Coyne, S. M., Chojnacki, N. A., McDaniel, B. T., Reschke, P. J., & Stockdale, L. (2024) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22460 · Cited by 18
Empty‐headed dynamical model of infant visual foraging
Robertson, S. (2013) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21165 · Cited by 19
“For example, motor and cardiac measures reveal a rapid increase in 3-monthold infants’ attention at the beginning of a look (Richards, 1987; Robertson et al., 2001a), and EEG measures show that 3-month-olds’ covert attention to the next target of fixation during free looking increases just before the current look ends…”
BackgroundIndividual Differences in Infant Cognition
Colombo, J. A. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012218870-1/50010-5 · Cited by 19
Fox, N. A. (1989) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219894506 · Cited by 17
Autonomic nervous system correlates of temperament
Healy, B. T. (1989) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(89)90040-4 · Cited by 17
Berry, D. J., Palmer, A. R., Distefano, R., & Masten, A. S. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000683 · Cited by 17
“, 2016), ranging from better behavioral regulation to frustrating social and cognitive challenges (Calkins, Smith, Gill, & Johnson, 1998; Forbes, Fox, Cohn, Galles, & Kovacs, 2006; Lewis, Hitchcock, & Sullivan, 2004; Shahrestani, Steward, Quintana, Hickie, & Guastella, 2014), to executive attention (Feldman, 2009; Ric…”
Sustained attention in the face of distractors: A study of children with Rett syndrome.
Rose, S. A., Wass, S. V., Jankowski, J. J., Feldman, J. F., & Djukic, A. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000369 · Cited by 16
“To overcome these limitations, sustained attention was assessed here by building on tasks assessing how well children can visually concentrate on a target while ignoring distractors (Oakes, Kannass, & Shaddy, 2002; Richards, 1987; Ruff & Rothbart, 1996).”
Infant physiological activity and the early emergence of social communication
Bradshaw, J. L., & Abney, D. H. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22145 · Cited by 15
Allostasis and metastasis: The yin and yang of childhood self-regulation
Wass, S. V. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000833 · Cited by 14
“As we described in the section “’Passive viewer’ approaches to the regulation of emotion and cognition,” we know that a child’s arousal state can influence how they react when a complex or slow-paced new stimulus is presented (Richards, 1987; Van der Meere & Sergeant, 1988) – either engaging with it, or not.”
BackgroundInfluentialPalser, E. R., Morris, N., Roy, A. R. K., Holley, S. R., Veziris, C. R., Watson, C., Deleon, J., Miller, Z., Miller, B. L., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108203 · Cited by 20
“…nervous system fluctuates with moment-to-moment engagement and disengagement with the environment and, thus, is important for interpersonal sensitivity, attention allocation, and social attunement (Friedman, 2007; Giuliano et al., 2018; Porges, 2007; Richards, 1987; Thayer & Lane, 2000).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Richards, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Richards, John E.
- ORCID
- Richards, John E.
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1987-04
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 488
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121958234
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r23hd018942-02)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1 R23 HD18942-01A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- respiratory sinus arrhythmia, heart rate variability, distractibility, visual fixation, heart rate deceleration, voluntary attention, infant development, attentional control
- MeSH terms
- Arrhythmia, Sinus, Attention, Fixation, Ocular, Heart Rate, Humans, Infant, Respiration, Time Factors, Visual Perception
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