Infants' Reliance on a Social Criterion for Establishing Word-Object Relations
Abstract
The language children hear presents them with a multitude of co-occurrences between words and things in the world, and they must repeatedly determine which among these manifold co-occurrences is relevant. Social factors--such as cues regarding the speaker's referential intent--might serve as one guide to whether word-object covariation should be registered. In 2 studies, infants (15-20 months and 18-20 months in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) heard novel labels at a time when they were investigating a single novel object; in one case the label was uttered by a speaker seated within the infant's view and displaying concurrent attention to the novel toy (coupled condition), whereas in the other case the label emanated from a speaker seated out of the infant's view (decoupled condition). In both studies, subsequent comprehension questions indicated that infants of 18-20 months registered a stable link between label and object in the coupled conditions, but not in the decoupled condition, despite the fact that covariation between label and object was equivalent in the 2 conditions. Thus, by 18-20 months children are inclined to establish a mapping between word and object only when a speaker displays signs of referring to that object.
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Children can use gaze direction, body orientation, and index‐finger pointing as cues to map words onto objects.
“Children can use gaze direction, body orientation, and index‐finger pointing as cues to map words onto objects (e.g., Baldwin et al., 1996; Grassmann & Tomasello, 2010; Kory Westlund et al., 2017; Verhagen et al., 2019).”
From The role of dyadic combinations of infants' behaviors and caregivers' verbal and multimodal responses in predicting vocabulary outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Baldwin et al., 1996
Naming combined with a nonverbal cue toward or with the object could reduce the referential ambiguity in the learning context.
“In addition, naming combined with a nonverbal cue toward or with the object could reduce the referential ambiguity in the learning context (Baldwin et al., 1996; Grassmann & Tomasello, 2010; Kory Westlund et al., 2017; Verhagen et al., 2019).”
From The role of dyadic combinations of infants' behaviors and caregivers' verbal and multimodal responses in predicting vocabulary outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Baldwin et al., 1996
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Discourse prominence effects on 2.5-year-old children's interpretation of pronouns
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- Authors
- Baldwin, D. A., Markman, E. M., Bill, B., Desjardins, R. N., Irwin, J. M., & Tidball, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-12
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3135
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2105751169
- Cited by
- 398
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Keywords
- word-object mapping, infant language acquisition, social cues, word learning, novel labels, covariation, joint attention
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child Development, Psychology, Child, Cognition, Concept Formation, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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