Cited by 6,538Corporate Finance and GovernanceFinancial Analysis and Corporate GovernanceFinancial Markets and Investment Strategies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

What Do We Know about Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data

Open access
RAJAN, RAGHURAM G., ZINGALES, LUIGI·1995·The Journal of Finance

Abstract

We investigate the determinants of capital structure choice by analyzing the financing decisions of public firms in the major industrialized countries. At an aggregate level, firm leverage is fairly similar across the G‐7 countries. We find that factors identified by previous studies as correlated in the cross‐section with firm leverage in the United States, are similarly correlated in other countries as well. However, a deeper examination of the U.S. and foreign evidence suggests that the theoretical underpinnings of the observed correlations are still largely unresolved.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05184.x

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 48

  1. 10.2307/2491170 · DOI
  2. 10.2307/2297860 · DOI
  3. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb04797.x · DOI
  4. Berglof Erik, 1990, The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties
  5. Berger Alan, 1994, Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance, Journal of Business, 68, 351, 10.1086/296668 · DOI
  6. 10.2307/2534529 · DOI
  7. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03680.x · DOI
  8. Coopers, 1984, International Tax Summaries. A Guide for Planning and Decisions
  9. Dermine Jean, 1990, European Banking in the 1990s
  10. 10.1086/261775 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Edwards Jeremy, 1993, Banks, Finance and Investment in Germany
  12. Fama Eugene, 1992, The cross‐section of expected returns, Journal of Finance, 46, 427, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04398.x · DOI · Paper page
  13. 10.2307/2534641 · DOI
  14. 10.1111/j.1745-6622.1993.tb00376.x · DOI
  15. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03753.x · DOI
  16. Hoshi Takeo, 1990, Asymmetric Information, Corporate Finance and Investment
  17. 10.2307/2937905 · DOI
  18. 10.2307/2118429 · DOI
  19. 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X · DOI · Paper page
  20. Jensen Michael, 1986, Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance and takeovers, American Economic Review, 76, 323
  21. Jensen Michael, 1989, The eclipse of the public corporation, Harvard Business Review, 67, 61
  22. Jung Kooyul YoungCheol Kim andRenéStulz 1994 Investment opportunities managerial discretion and the security issue decision Working paper 4907 National Bureau of Economic Research. · DOI
  23. 10.2307/3665273 · DOI
  24. 10.7208/chicago/9780226436319.001.0001 · DOI
  25. 10.1093/rfs/4.4.685 · DOI
  26. Kroszner Randall andRaghuramRajan 1995 Organizational structure and credibility: Evidence from commercial bank securities activities before the Glass‐Steagall act mimeo University of Chicago. · DOI
  27. Long John, 1985, Corporate Capital Structure in the United States
  28. 10.1016/0927-538X(94)90016-7 · DOI
  29. LoPucki Lynn, 1994, A systems approach to comparing U.S. and Canadian reorganization of financially distressed firms, Harvard International Law Journal, 35, 267
  30. Mayer Colin, 1990, Asymmetric Information, Corporate Finance and Investment
  31. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03267.x · DOI · Paper page
  32. Modigliani Franco, 1958, The cost of capital, corporation finance, and the theory of investment, American Economic Review, 48, 261
  33. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00692.x · DOI
  34. 10.2307/2327916 · DOI
  35. Nobes Christopher, 1991, Comparative International Accounting
  36. Novaes Walter andLuigiZingales 1995 Capital structure choice when managers are in control: Entrenchment versus efficiency. Working paper University of Chicago. · DOI
  37. Pagano Marco, 1991, Trading systems in European stock exchanges: current performance and policy options, Economic Policy, 10, 63
  38. Price Waterhouse, 1990, Individual Taxes: A Worldwide Summary
  39. Price Waterhouse, 1991, Corporate Taxes: A Worldwide Summary
  40. Price Waterhouse, various issues, Doing Business in
  41. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04662.x · DOI · Paper page
  42. Remmers Lee, 1974, Industry and size as debt ratio determinants in manufacturing internationally, Financial Management, 3, 24, 10.2307/3665286 · DOI
  43. Roe Mark, 1994, Strong managers, weak owners: The political costs of American corporate finance
  44. Rutherford Janette, 1988, New Developments in International Finance
  45. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1990.tb02427.x · DOI
  46. Sheard Paul, 1989, The main bank system and corporate monitoring and control in Japan, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 9, 399, 10.1016/0167-2681(89)90037-1 · DOI
  47. Stonehill Arthur, 1975, Financial goals and debt ratio determinants: A survey of practice in five countries, Financial Management, 4, 27, 10.2307/3665187 · DOI
  48. 10.2307/2329684 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
RAJAN, R. G., & ZINGALES, L.
Affiliations
  • National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
  • University of Chicago (US)
Venue
The Journal of Finance
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1995-12
Volume
50
Issue
5
Pages
1421-1460
ISSN
  • 0022-1082 (ISSN-L)
  • 1540-6261
OpenAlex
W3125649736
Cited by
6,538
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 212 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 241 · 2023: 271 · 2022: 265 · 2021: 286 · 2020: 306 · 2019: 277 · 2018: 306 · 2017: 329 · 2016: 306 · 2015: 381 · 2014: 368 · 2013: 374 · 2012: 360
FWCI
137.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
The Journal of Finance (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Corporate Finance and Governance
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Financial Analysis and Corporate Governance
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
Keywords
capital structure, corporate leverage, leverage determinants, financing decisions, public companies, cross-national comparison, G7 countries

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review