The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Abstract
I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the differing impacts of stress across a range of physical and mental health outcomes, the "carry-overs" of stress from one role domain or stage of life into another, the benefits derived from negative experiences, and the determinants of the meaning of stressors. Although a sense of personal control and perceived social support influence health and mental health both directly and as stress buffers, the theoretical mechanisms through which they do so still require elaboration and testing. New work suggests that coping flexibility and structural constraints on individuals' coping efforts may be important to pursue. Promising new directions in social support research include studies of the negative effects of social relationships and of support giving, mutual coping and support-giving dynamics, optimal "matches" between individuals' needs and support received, and properties of groups which can provide a sense of social support. Qualitative comparative analysis, optimal matching analysis, and event-structure analysis are new techniques which may help advance research in these broad topic areas. To enhance the effectiveness of coping and social support interventions, intervening mechanisms need to be better understood. Nevertheless, the policy implications of stress research are clear and are important given current interest in health care reform in the United States.
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“The stress-coping theory posits that the availability of coping resources would facilitate the use of adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressors and increase the efficacy of coping strategies [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the results generally support the stress-coping theory that coping resources would facilitate effective coping and moderate the relationship of stressors, coping, and health outcomes [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“From a theoretical standpoint, our findings align with social support theory. That is, interactions with therapy dogs and handlers may serve as a source of social support, resulting in reduced students’ anxiety and stress levels [22].”
From Canine-assisted therapy in reducing stress and anxiety levels of university students: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This could improve social interactions as quality social relationships are an important protective factor against mental disorders (76).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [76]
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KEGIATAN RELAKSASI SEBAGAI COPING STRESS DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
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Reciprocity Beyond Dyadic Relationships
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Work and Unemployment as Stressors
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“One valuable part of the coping processes is social support (Thoits, 1995; Underwood, 2000).”
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“…difficulty in demonstrating the effect of self-esteem on the impact of stressful life events on the development of depression could be explained by Thoits (1995) postulate that psychological resources, such as self-esteem, have an impact on individuals’ psychological well-being independently of…”
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The Impact of Relationship-Specific Support and Strain on Depressive Symptoms Across the Life Course
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“…that older adults who are still married to their spouses may have better coping mechanisms for dealing with strains from a spouse or reconstruct the meaning of these strains (Thoits, 1995), so perhaps older adults’ mental health is less affected by increased strain with a spouse for these reasons.”
BackgroundGender, the Stress Process, and Health
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Perceived religious discrimination and mental health
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“…coping resources (such as social support and selfesteem) explain the comparatively worse effects of discrimination for low-status groups (McLeod and Kessler 1990; Thoits 1995), but this explanation may be inapplicable to religious minorities who may acquire these resources from their religiosity.”
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“This ‘‘autoregressive’’ approach to assessing causation is common in well placed, directly relevant longitudinal data-based analyses (e.g., Caplan & Schooler, 2007; Levin & Taylor, 1998; Oates, 2004; Pearlin et al., 1981).”
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“Inlinewiththe-ories of stressand coping [ ],ourseconddescriptive theme showed that a sense of autonomy and self-determination aided coping whereas lack of control could lead to loss of coping and withdrawal, with implications for rehabilitation and recovery.”
Hillenbrand, C., & Money, K. G. (2015) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2015.1002334 · Cited by 49
“…and traits, whereas dysfunctional patterns of behavior tend to reflect a lack of congruence between an individual’s “core self” and the roles they play in life, the behaviors they exhibit, and the perceptions they create (Bender and Lösel, 1997; Farrington, 1995; Robins, 1978; Thoits, 1995).”
Maltreatment and Delinquency in China
Gao, Y., Wong, D. S. W., & Yu, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x14547495 · Cited by 45
“Gender and age are commonly regarded as important predictors of delinquency, and may affect the reactions to strain and social bond (Broidy & Agnew, 1997; Hart & Mueller, 2013; Hauser & Bowlds, 1990; Piquero & Sealock, 2004; Thoits, 1995; Thomsen, Mehlsen, Viidik, Sommerlund, & Zachariae, 2005).”
BackgroundQureshi, M. I., Iftikhar, M., Janjua, S. Y., Zaman, K., Raja, U. M., & Javed, Y. (2013) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-013-9976-4 · Cited by 45
“Thoits (1995) conceptualize mobbing as a process that starts with the employee’s being a target of dangerous and disrespectful behavior.”
BackgroundClinical Correlates and Mediators of Self-Concept in Youth with Chronic Tic Disorders
Hanks, C. E., Mcguire, J. F., Lewin, A. B., Storch, E. A., & Murphy, T. K. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0544-0 · Cited by 48
“…association identified between passive-avoidant coping strategies (i.e., withdrawal, fatalistic attitudes, and avoidance) and low self-concept [46, 47], as well as existing evidence that avoidance coping predicts poorer adjustment to illness in non-CTD samples [48], we explored whether youth’s…”
Gender and socioeconomic status differences in university students’ perception of social support
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Magliano, L., Fiorillo, A., Malangone, C., Rosa, C. D., & Maj, M. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.003 · Cited by 45
Resource replacement and psychological well-being during unemployment: The role of family support
Huffman, A. H., Culbertson, S. S., Wayment, H. A., & Irving, L. H. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.04.011 · Cited by 53
The Caregiver’s Burden of Alzheimer Patients: Differences Between Live-In and Non-Live-In
Raccichini, A., Castellani, S., Civerchia, P., Fioravanti, P., & Scarpino, O. (2009) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317509340025 · Cited by 45
The Mortality Penalty of Incarceration
Pridemore, W. A. (2014) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146514533119 · Cited by 45
Sheikh, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.015 · Cited by 50
Chae, J., Hwang, S., Seo, W., & Kang, Y. (2021) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103560 · Cited by 45
Loved As-Is: How God Salience Lowers Interest in Self-Improvement Products
Grewal, L. S., Wu, E. C., & Cutright, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucab055 · Cited by 46
Mechanic, D. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00399-2 · Cited by 46
Shannon, C. A., Rospenda, K. M., & Richman, J. A. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.038 · Cited by 52
“However, given the importance of social support for dealing with life stressors (Thoits, 1995), it is plausible that support-related responses involving professional services will be beneficial to targets whether the coping efforts are self or initiator focused.”
BackgroundParental Anxiety Following Discharge From Hospital of Their Very Low Birth Weight Infants*
Auslander, G. K., Netzer, D., & Arad, I. (2003) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00012.x · Cited by 45
“A second major factor is coping resources (i.e., the social and personal characteristics upon which people may draw when dealing with stressful situations; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundHunter, A. G., Pearson, J. L., Ialongo, N. S., & Kellam, S. G. (1998) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/585265 · Cited by 45
Landsman-Dijkstra, J. J. A., van Wijck, R., & Groothoff, J. W. (2006) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.12.003 · Cited by 44
“Social status, gender, life events, physical activity, education and social support can also play a role [8–16].”
BackgroundQualitative evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S.: findings based on focus groups
Shek, D. T. L., Ng, C. S. M., & Tsui, P. F. (2010) · International Journal on Disability and Human Development · doi:10.1515/ijdhd.2010.046 · Cited by 44
The Role of Coping Strategies in Maintaining Well-Being During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea
Kim, J. H., Shim, Y., Choi, I., & Choi, E. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550621990595 · Cited by 50
“Among the recommended coping responses is the activation of one’s social support system, which is especially relevant for social life disruptions and has been extensively studied as an effective method for reducing psychological distress (Kim et al., 2008; Thoits, 1995).”
MethodThe life course paradigm and consumer behavior: Research frontiers and future directions
Moschis, G. P. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21586 · Cited by 44
Gender Differences in Social Support and Depression among Injection Drug Users in Houston, Texas
Risser, J., Cates, A., Rehman, H., & Risser, W. L. (2010) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990903544802 · Cited by 44
Dumont, M., Leclerc, D., & Deslandes, R. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0087206 · Cited by 44
Montemagni, C., Castagna, F., Crivelli, B., Marzi, G. D., Frieri, T., Macrì, A., & Rocca, P. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.019 · Cited by 45
“…strategies are more or less adaptive and most effective in reducing psychopathological and distress symptoms (Aldwin and Revenson, 1987, Carr, 1988, Thoits, 1995, Lazarus, 2000 and Austenfeld and Stanton, 2004), schizophrenia patients have been found to use less effective coping strategies to deal…”
What does resilience signify? An evaluation of concepts and directions for future research
Infurna, F. J. (2020) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000507365 · Cited by 31
Vriezekolk, J. E., Geenen, R., van den Ende, C. H. M., Slot, H., van Lankveld, W. G. J. M., & van Helmond, T. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.09.001 · Cited by 28
Group-Based versus Individual Parenting Programs: A Meta-Analysis of Effects on Parents
Mathijs, L., Van Petegem, S., Melendez-Torres, G. J., Backhaus, S., Gardner, F., & Leijten, P. (2024) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0001273 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Thoits, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- ORCID
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081745157
- Cited by
- 3,496
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 178 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 156
- FWCI
- 34.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- stress, coping strategies, social support, stressors, coping flexibility, personal control, perceived social support, stress buffering, negative experiences, interpersonal relationships, group support, coping interventions, health care reform
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Health Status, Humans, Public Policy, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological
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