The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Abstract
I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the differing impacts of stress across a range of physical and mental health outcomes, the "carry-overs" of stress from one role domain or stage of life into another, the benefits derived from negative experiences, and the determinants of the meaning of stressors. Although a sense of personal control and perceived social support influence health and mental health both directly and as stress buffers, the theoretical mechanisms through which they do so still require elaboration and testing. New work suggests that coping flexibility and structural constraints on individuals' coping efforts may be important to pursue. Promising new directions in social support research include studies of the negative effects of social relationships and of support giving, mutual coping and support-giving dynamics, optimal "matches" between individuals' needs and support received, and properties of groups which can provide a sense of social support. Qualitative comparative analysis, optimal matching analysis, and event-structure analysis are new techniques which may help advance research in these broad topic areas. To enhance the effectiveness of coping and social support interventions, intervening mechanisms need to be better understood. Nevertheless, the policy implications of stress research are clear and are important given current interest in health care reform in the United States.
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“The stress-coping theory posits that the availability of coping resources would facilitate the use of adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressors and increase the efficacy of coping strategies [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the results generally support the stress-coping theory that coping resources would facilitate effective coping and moderate the relationship of stressors, coping, and health outcomes [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“From a theoretical standpoint, our findings align with social support theory. That is, interactions with therapy dogs and handlers may serve as a source of social support, resulting in reduced students’ anxiety and stress levels [22].”
From Canine-assisted therapy in reducing stress and anxiety levels of university students: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This could improve social interactions as quality social relationships are an important protective factor against mental disorders (76).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [76]
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“…extent because, by and large, it works; it is one of the most effective means by which people can cope with and adjust to difficult and stressful events, thereby buffering themselves from the adverse mental and physical health effects of stress (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Seeman, 1996; Thoits, 1995).”
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BackgroundCulture and Social Support: Who Seeks It and Why?
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“…studies tend to focus on a single dimension of social support resulting in a gap in the research regarding which types of support are independently associated with mental health (Balaji, Claussen, Smith, & Visser, 2008; House et al., 1988; Kawachi & Berkman, 2001; Seeman, 1996; Thoits, 1995).”
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“An array of evidence suggests that women may be better providers of social support to men than men are to women (Th oits, 1995 ).”
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“…on social support became increasingly differentiated into specific substantive areas, such as the role of social support in stress and coping (Thoits, 1995), social support in family relationships (Pierce, Sarason, & Sarason, 1996), social support and personality (Pierce, Lakey, Sarason, &…”
BackgroundChanging Medical Organization and the Erosion of Trust
Mechanic, D. (1996) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3350245 · Cited by 528
“The idea of support groups seems wellestablished and institutionalized among health institutions, and a large descriptive and analytic literature is available (Cohen and Syme 1985; Changing Organization and the Erosion of Trust 185 Thoits 1995).”
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“arousal that usually results from the perception of stress (Thoits, 1995).”
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“Empirical studies consistently suggest the global conclusion that women in general tend to rely on passive and emotion-focused coping strategies to a greater extent than men (Thoits, 1995; Vingerhoets & Van Heck, 1990).”
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Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context
Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42004-3 · Cited by 454
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“…proposed for studying the work–family interface, our models are derived from three mostly complementary theoretical perspectives: (1) interrole conflict theory (Kahn and Byosiere 1992), (2) identity theory (Thoits 1991), and (3) conservation of resources (COR)/resource drain theory (Hobfoll 2002).”
MethodCochran, S. D. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.11.931 · Cited by 447
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BackgroundMethodGoing to the heart of the matter
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Measuring Social Isolation Among Older Adults Using Multiple Indicators From the NSHAP Study
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“Socially disconnected and lonely individuals tend to suffer higher rates of morbidity and mortality ( Taylor, Repetti, & Seeman, 1997 ; Thoits, 1995 ) as well as infection ( Cohen, Doyle, Skoner, Rabin, & Gwaltney, 1997 ; Pressman et al., 2005 ), depression ( Heikkinen & Kauppinen, 2004 ), and…”
BackgroundGender and coping: the parents of children with high functioning autism
Gray, D. E. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00059-x · Cited by 431
Socioeconomic Status and Depression over the Life Course
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Strengthening Behavioral Research on Genetic Mental Retardation Syndromes
Hodapp, R. M., & Dykens, E. M. (2001) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106 · Cited by 121
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“0002-9602/2005/11005-0003$10.00”
InfluentialPursuit of Comfort and Pursuit of Harmony: Culture, Relationships, and Social Support Seeking
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., Ko, D. M., & Taylor, S. E. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206291991 · Cited by 424
“However, among many different strategies, social support is one of the most effective coping strategies by which a person can alleviate the negative impact of stress (Seeman, 1996; Taylor, in press; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundBeiser, M., & Hou, F. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00412-3 · Cited by 415
“Towards a dynamic model of resettlement and psychological adjustment Drawing upon stress process theory (Pearlin, 1989; Coyne & Downey, 1991; Thoits, 1995), the RRP has developed a model to guide its investigations (Beiser, 1990, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodRead, J. G., & Gorman, B. K. (2010) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102535 · Cited by 406
Dispositional and contextual perspectives on coping: Toward an integrative framework
Moos, R. H., & Holahan, C. J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10229 · Cited by 420
Locher, J. L., Ritchie, C. S., Roth, D. L., Baker, P. S., Bodner, E. V., & Allman, R. M. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.023 · Cited by 373
“Strong and compelling evidence covering an extended time span links social support and networks with positive health outcomes (Thoits, 1995; House, Umberson, & Landis, 1988).”
BackgroundJenkins, A. S., Wiklund, J., & Brundin, E. L. (2012) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.10.006 · Cited by 413
“The Swedish bankruptcy code is based on a cash auction procedure and is therefore similar to Chapter 7 of the U.S. bankruptcy code (Thorburn, 1998).”
MethodDoes the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality.
Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D., & Witt, W. P. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026743 · Cited by 375
Gender matters: an integrated model for understanding men's and women's health
Bird, C. E., & Rieker, P. P. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00402-x · Cited by 369
“Although the idea that men and women are exposed to di erent stresses is not new, only in the past decade have studies begun to adequately address the gendered nature of the relationship between stress and illness (Thoits, 1995; Umberson et al., 1996).”
BackgroundResilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad.
Mak, W. W. S., Ng, I. S. W., & Wong, C. C. Y. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025195 · Cited by 408
COERCION, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND CRIME: AN EMERGING THEORETICAL CONSENSUS*
Colvin, M., Cullen, F. T., & Ven, T. V. (2002) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00948.x · Cited by 384
Williams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000132 · Cited by 352
Space Meets Time: Integrating Temporal and Contextual Influences on Mental Health in Early Adulthood
Wheaton, B., & Clarke, P. J. (2003) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1519758 · Cited by 396
Negative Life Events and Depression in Elderly Persons: A Meta-Analysis
Kraaij, V., Arensman, E., & Spinhoven, P. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.1.p87 · Cited by 359
“Another explanation could be that women tend to seek social support to a greater extent than men (Bowling, 1994; Thoits, 1995), which may buffer the impact of network problems.”
BackgroundResultUnfair Treatment, Neighborhood Effects, and Mental Health in the Detroit Metropolitan Area
Schulz, A. J., Williams, D. R., Israel, B. A., Becker, A., Parker, E. A., James, S. A., & Jackson, J. S. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676323 · Cited by 352
Resisting the Stigma of Mental Illness
Thoits, P. A. (2011) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272511398019 · Cited by 381
Self-citationHealth in household context: Living arrangements and health in late middle age
Hughes, M. E., & Waite, L. J. (2002) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090242 · Cited by 346
Racial discrimination, John Henryism, and depression among African Americans
Hudson, D. L., Neighbors, H. W., Geronimus, A. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798414567757 · Cited by 345
“Social support has been implicated as a significant coping factor, particularly for African Americans, in the stress and coping literature (Bronder et al., 2014; Cassel, 1976; Thoits, 1995; Wheaton, 1985).”
BackgroundA glossary of terms for navigating the field of social network analysis
Hawe, P., Webster, C. M., & Shiell, A. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.014530 · Cited by 365
The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing
Bengtson, V. L., Coleman, P. G., & Kirkwood, T. B. L. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610714 · Cited by 347
Misra, R., Crist, M., & Burant, C. (2003) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.10.2.137 · Cited by 352
Coping over time: the parents of children with autism
Gray, D. E. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00933.x · Cited by 332
Chronic diseases and depression: the modifying role of psychosocial resources
Bisschop, M. I., Kriegsman, D. M. W., Beekman, A. T. F., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.038 · Cited by 346
“An extensive literature reveals that social support and personal coping resources are associated with depression, and may contribute to variability in the impact of chronic disease on depressive symptoms (e.g., Brown, Andrews, Harris, Adler, & Bridge, 1986; Ell, Mantell, Hamovitch, & Nishimoto, 1989; Hobfoll & Vaux, 1…”
BackgroundMethot, J. R., LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Christian, J. S. (2015) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12109 · Cited by 370
“Individuals prioritize their multiplex workplace friendships; they care about their partner’s well-being (Thoits, 1995), and their strength makes them very difficult to neglect (Ingram & Zou, 2008).”
InfluentialFuzzy: A Program for Performing Qualitative Comparative Analyses (QCA) in Stata
Longest, K. C., & Vaisey, S. (2008) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0800800106 · Cited by 327
“In this observation, Thoits was advocating the use of QCA in tests of the stress process model. That is, high levels of conjunction among stressors and buffering agents could define multiple routes to the same level of distress. In addition to finding multiple paths to an outcome, QCA is especially appropriate for tes…”
Social Networks in the NSHAP Study: Rationale, Measurement, and Preliminary Findings
Cornwell, B. T., Schumm, L. P., Laumann, E. O., & Graber, J. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp042 · Cited by 325
“These benefi ts have been attributed to a range of processes, from the provision of social support to a sense of belonging and self-esteem ( Berkman & Glass, 2000 ; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988 ; Thoits, 1995 ).”
BackgroundParental Predivorce Relations and Offspring Postdivorce Well‐Being
BOOTH, A. R., & Amato, P. R. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00197.x · Cited by 319
Metadata
- Authors
- Thoits, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- ORCID
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081745157
- Cited by
- 3,496
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 178 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 156
- FWCI
- 34.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- stress, coping strategies, social support, stressors, coping flexibility, personal control, perceived social support, stress buffering, negative experiences, interpersonal relationships, group support, coping interventions, health care reform
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Health Status, Humans, Public Policy, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological
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