The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Abstract
I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the differing impacts of stress across a range of physical and mental health outcomes, the "carry-overs" of stress from one role domain or stage of life into another, the benefits derived from negative experiences, and the determinants of the meaning of stressors. Although a sense of personal control and perceived social support influence health and mental health both directly and as stress buffers, the theoretical mechanisms through which they do so still require elaboration and testing. New work suggests that coping flexibility and structural constraints on individuals' coping efforts may be important to pursue. Promising new directions in social support research include studies of the negative effects of social relationships and of support giving, mutual coping and support-giving dynamics, optimal "matches" between individuals' needs and support received, and properties of groups which can provide a sense of social support. Qualitative comparative analysis, optimal matching analysis, and event-structure analysis are new techniques which may help advance research in these broad topic areas. To enhance the effectiveness of coping and social support interventions, intervening mechanisms need to be better understood. Nevertheless, the policy implications of stress research are clear and are important given current interest in health care reform in the United States.
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“The stress-coping theory posits that the availability of coping resources would facilitate the use of adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressors and increase the efficacy of coping strategies [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the results generally support the stress-coping theory that coping resources would facilitate effective coping and moderate the relationship of stressors, coping, and health outcomes [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“From a theoretical standpoint, our findings align with social support theory. That is, interactions with therapy dogs and handlers may serve as a source of social support, resulting in reduced students’ anxiety and stress levels [22].”
From Canine-assisted therapy in reducing stress and anxiety levels of university students: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This could improve social interactions as quality social relationships are an important protective factor against mental disorders (76).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [76]
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“It provides people with the knowledge that they have a network of emotional support (Cobb, 1976; Thoits, 1995; Vaux, 1988).”
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“We further propose that spiritual work is parallel to and a consequence of emotional process work, which we consider to be a crucial element of emotional labor performance (Thoits, 1985).”
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Hall, K. S., Kusunoki, Y., Gatny, H., & Barber, J. S. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12607 · Cited by 62
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“Because disclosure is often the first step in seeking supportive communication (Thoits, 1995), and the estrangement process is often so traumatic, understanding the factors that lead to disclosure decision making could yield important practical applications for clinicians and social network members.”
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Taylor, S. E., & Broffman, J. I. (2011) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385522-0.00001-9 · Cited by 64
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BackgroundByers, K. A., Cox, S., Lam, R. W. M., & Himsworth, C. G. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7202-6 · Cited by 53
“This is because engaging in community-level activities can provide opportunities for social support, that in turn buffers the negative effects of stressors on mental [59, 63] and physical health outcomes [64].”
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“One proposed mechanism for social support is as a method of coping assistance, and one method of coping assistance may be to reinterpret or reduce the situational demands or redirect the person’s attention away from a threatening situation ( Thoits, 1986; 1995 ).”
MethodThe Role of Social Support in Multiple Morbidity: Self-Management among Rural Residents
Bardach, S. H., Tarasenko, Y. N., & Schoenberg, N. E. (2011) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2011.0083 · Cited by 54
Reinvigorating relative deprivation: A new measure for a classic concept
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“Both social support and coping are factors influencing the effect of trauma on distress and health (Williams & House, 1991; Thoits, 1995; King et al. 1998).”
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Pascoe, L., & Edvardsson, D. (2013) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.03.005 · Cited by 53
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The Role of Emotion on Pathways to Positive Health
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Terrorism, Distress, and Drinking
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“Obtaining social support is known to be an important mediator of the stress experience (Thoits, 1995).”
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“However, social support showed limitations on the degree to which it benefits mental health when facing major stressful events such as high level of ACEs (Thoits, 1995).”
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“When exhausted by caregiving and feeling overwhelmed, it is likely that caregiving stress will spill over into the workplace (Neal et al., 1993; Thoits, 1995).”
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“It is noteworthy, however, that there is no consensus among researchers regarding which coping strategy is most effective in reducing psychopathological symptoms and distress (Aldwin and Revenson, 1987; Carr, 1988; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundCoping with unemployment: Does educational attainment make any difference?
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“…believing that support will be available if needed (i.e., perceived social support) can act as a buffer of the negative effects of stress on psychological well-being (Barrera, 1986; S. Cohen & Wills, 1985; Dunkel-Schetter & Bennett, 1990; Kessler, Price, et al., 1985; Thoits, 1995; Vaux, 1988).”
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“Coping by reducing the importance of the discrepancy predominantly results in temporary relief and does not help increase satisfaction with one’s social relationships (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundA Review of Resource Theories and Their Implications for Understanding Consumer Behavior
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“Additionally, SRT’s structural framework is demonstrated to be consistent across cultures (e.g., Foa and Foa 1974; Törnblom and Foa 1983; Foa et al. 1987).”
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“People experiencing such stressors may also be less likely to effectively manage and cope with other daily hassles (Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Mullan, 1981; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundApproach or avoid? The dualistic effects of envy on social media users' behavioral intention
Wang, T., Mai, X.-T., & Thai, T. D.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102374 · Cited by 54
Allison, K. R., Adlaf, E. M., Ialomiteanu, A., & Rehm, J. T. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404107 · Cited by 52
Cerdá, M., Vlahov, D., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02247.x · Cited by 52
Use of Professional and Informal Support by Black Men With Mental Disorders
Woodward, A. T., Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2010) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731510388668 · Cited by 52
“…that has found that lower income is associated with less service use (Cooper-Patrick et al., 1999; Klap, Unroe, & Unutzer, 2003; Wang et al., 2005; Woodward et al., 2008) as well as less use of informal support (Chatters et al., 1989; Thoits, 1995; Turner & Marino, 1994; Woodward et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMasi, A. T., White, K. P., & Pilcher, J. J. (2002) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1053/sarh.2002.33717 · Cited by 68
Social Networks and Chronic Mental Illness: A Test of Four Perspectives
Rosenfield, S., & Wenzel, S. L. (1997) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/3096942 · Cited by 52
Unemployment and Smoking: Causation, Selection, or Common Cause? - Evidence from Longitudinal DataPreprint
Schunck, R., & Rogge, B. G. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2166748 · Cited by 52
“Proponents of the causation hypothesis (see figure 1) have predominantly made reference to stress theory to account for health changes after job loss (Pearlin 1989; Thoits 1995; Umberson, Lui and Reczek 2008).”
Familial Incarceration, Social Role Combinations, and Mental Health Among African American Women
Patterson, E. J., Talbert, R. D., & Brown, T. N. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12699 · Cited by 52
Chakraborti, M., Gitimoghaddam, M., McKellin, W. H., Miller, A. R., & Collet, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.719640 · Cited by 51
“These themes are consistent with the literature on self-help (65) and social comparison theory.”
Families and Caregiving across the Life Course: Research Advances on the Influence of Context
Seltzer, M. M., & Heller, T. (1997) · Family Relations · Cited by 51
Lê‐Scherban, F., Brenner, A. B., Hicken, M. T., Needham, B. L., Seeman, T. E., Sloan, R. P., Wang, X., & Roux, A. V. D. (2017) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000543 · Cited by 51
“A key component of social stress theory is the differential exposure hypothesis, which states that members of socially disadvantaged groups are exposed to more stressful life events and chronic stressors (6,8).”
Income Inequality and Depression: The Role of Social Comparisons and Coping Resources
Pop, I. A., van Ingen, E. J., & van Oorschot, W. J. H. (2015) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcv007 · Cited by 55
“…and Individuals’ Coping Resources Although results of previous research are somewhat ambiguous, there are indications that social support, selfesteem, and optimism relate to better mental health (Scheier and Carver, 1992; Thoits, 1995; Cruess et al., 2000; Makikangas, Kinnunen and Feldt, 2004).”
BackgroundResultKane, J. C., Rapaport, C., Zalta, A. K., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E., & Hall, B. J. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.014 · Cited by 50
Project-induced displacement, secondary stressors, and health
Cao, Y., Hwang, S., & Xi, J. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.034 · Cited by 51
“Although there are different manifestations of stress outcomes, depression is by far the most commonly used one in sociological studies of distress (Thoits, 1995; Turner & Lloyd, 1999; Vega & Rumbaut, 1991).”
BackgroundExperiences of Social Networks Supporting Traumatically Bereaved
Dyregrov, K. (2006) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/claa-x2lw-jhqj-t2dm · Cited by 58
“Nevertheless, parts of the social support fail to meet the needs of the bereaved and certain parts are experienced as unhelpful or even harmful (Brabant et al., 1995; Dakof & Taylor, 1990; Dyregrov, 2003-2004; Ingram, Betz, Mindes, Schmitt, & Smith, 2001; Lehman, Ellard, & Wortman, 1986; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundUehara, E. S. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00157-x · Cited by 50
The mental health costs and benefits of giving social support.
Strazdins, L. M., & Broom, D. H. (2007) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.4.370 · Cited by 50
Spousal social support and strain: impacts on health in older couples
Ryan, L. H., Wan, W. H., & Smith, J. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9561-x · Cited by 52
“Our study suggests that if there is a psychological pathway between social relationships and health, it is operating through the positive side, perhaps as a stress buffer (Cohen & Willis, 1985) or through enhanced self-efficacy (Thoits, 1995).”
Maguire, K. C. (2007) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370701658002 · Cited by 50
“Research in the area of stress and coping suggests that a close relationship with a romantic partner helps individuals cope with stress (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundProvision and receipt of emotional spousal support: The impact of visibility on well-being.
Biehle, S. N., & Mickelson, K. D. (2012) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0028480 · Cited by 50
“Support from one’s spouse—especially emotional support—is one of the most important predictors of an individual’s well-being (e.g., Thoits, 1995).”
Schreurs, B. H. J., Cuyper, N. D., van Emmerik, I. H., Notelaers, G., & Witte, H. D. (2011) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v37i2.859 · Cited by 54
“Secondly, the relationship between job control and social support and a host of outcomes in the domain of work stress and motivation has been demonstrated abundantly (e.g. Thoits, 1995).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Thoits, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- ORCID
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081745157
- Cited by
- 3,496
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 178 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 156
- FWCI
- 34.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- stress, coping strategies, social support, stressors, coping flexibility, personal control, perceived social support, stress buffering, negative experiences, interpersonal relationships, group support, coping interventions, health care reform
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Health Status, Humans, Public Policy, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological
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