The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Abstract
I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the differing impacts of stress across a range of physical and mental health outcomes, the "carry-overs" of stress from one role domain or stage of life into another, the benefits derived from negative experiences, and the determinants of the meaning of stressors. Although a sense of personal control and perceived social support influence health and mental health both directly and as stress buffers, the theoretical mechanisms through which they do so still require elaboration and testing. New work suggests that coping flexibility and structural constraints on individuals' coping efforts may be important to pursue. Promising new directions in social support research include studies of the negative effects of social relationships and of support giving, mutual coping and support-giving dynamics, optimal "matches" between individuals' needs and support received, and properties of groups which can provide a sense of social support. Qualitative comparative analysis, optimal matching analysis, and event-structure analysis are new techniques which may help advance research in these broad topic areas. To enhance the effectiveness of coping and social support interventions, intervening mechanisms need to be better understood. Nevertheless, the policy implications of stress research are clear and are important given current interest in health care reform in the United States.
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“The stress-coping theory posits that the availability of coping resources would facilitate the use of adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressors and increase the efficacy of coping strategies [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the results generally support the stress-coping theory that coping resources would facilitate effective coping and moderate the relationship of stressors, coping, and health outcomes [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“From a theoretical standpoint, our findings align with social support theory. That is, interactions with therapy dogs and handlers may serve as a source of social support, resulting in reduced students’ anxiety and stress levels [22].”
From Canine-assisted therapy in reducing stress and anxiety levels of university students: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This could improve social interactions as quality social relationships are an important protective factor against mental disorders (76).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [76]
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“Mastery is the most frequently examined coping resource in the sociological literature and has been found to directly reduce psychological distress and physical illness and to mediate the effects of stress exposure on mental and physical illness (Aneshensel, 1992; Thoits, 1995).”
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“Finally, relationships with other minority group members provide an important source of social support, a protective factor in the general process of coping with stress (Aneshensel, 1992; Thoits, 1995).”
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“…(e.g., meditation, expressive writing) or focus on changing the circumstances of the source of the stress (e.g., spending less time at work, asking a sibling to help with the care of a sick parent) (see the following for reviews: Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; Coyne & Downey, 1991; Thoits, 1995).”
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“Emotional support is related to the amount of “love and caring, sympathy and understanding, and esteem or value available from others” (Thoits, 1995) most often provided by a confidant such as a friend, a spouse, or siblings.”
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“Identity theory suggests that FWC should affect job stress because the negative effect of one role may "spill over" to another role, that is, conflict with the family increases stress associated with work (Thoits 1995).”
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Personal Agency in the Stress Process
Thoits, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700401 · Cited by 295
“…a causal role in the generation of a wide variety of physical and psychological conditions (Coyne and Downey 1991; Kessler, Price, and Wortman 1985; Thoits 1995b), research attention shifted to the more complex and absorbing problems of why the relationship between stressful experiences and…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNeighborhood social capital and adult health: An empirical test of a Bourdieu-based model
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“Although no clear consensus exists in the literature, in general problem-focused coping is expected to be more beneficial for well-being than emotion-focused coping (for a review see Thoits, 1995; Zeidner and Saklofske, 1996).”
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PARENTAL EFFICACY AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: DO CONTROL AND SUPPORT MATTER?
WRIGHT, J. P., & Cullen, F. T. (2001) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00937.x · Cited by 273
Sources of support and the physical and mental well-being of young women with breast cancer
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“This is consistent with broader research on social support, which finds few effects of positive received support compared to negative forms of received support (Taylor, 2011; Thoits, 1995), perhaps due to expectancy confirmation as described previously.”
BackgroundResultType of social support matters for prediction of posttraumatic growth among cancer survivors
Schroevers, M. J., Helgeson, V. S., Sanderman, R., & Ranchor, A. V. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1501 · Cited by 289
“Our findings do not support the notion that perceptions of support and support satisfaction have a stronger influence on psychological functioning than the actual receipt of support [17].”
BackgroundResultSocial support networks among diverse sexual minority populations.
Frost, D. M., Meyer, I. H., & Schwartz, S. (2016) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000117 · Cited by 302
Skilled Support Within Intimate Relationships
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“Intuitively, we expect social support to be beneficial (e.g., Thoits, 1995) and to play an integral role in the maintenance of healthy close relationships (Cutrona, 1996).”
BackgroundEffective social support: Antecedents and consequences of partner support during pregnancy
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“For instance, support can be said to be of higher quality when it meets the recipient’s needs in terms of its functional type or timing (Cohen &McKay, 1984; Cutrona et al., 1990; Dunkel-Schetter et al., 1992; Eckenrode & Wethington, 1990; Jacobson, 1986; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundThe effect of work climate on critical employee and customer outcomes
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“…with Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 2 September 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 1415 their well-being being (Mirowsky and Ross, 1990; Thoits, 1995; Turner and Lloyd, 1999; Chipperfield et al., 2004; Dijkstra et al., 2011) and is essential for their evolutionary survival (Shapiro et…”
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“While social support seeking refers to a coping strategy, perceived social support can be considered as a coping resource or ‘‘a social fund from which people may draw when handling stressors’’ (Thoits, 1995, p. 64).”
BackgroundUse of vitamins, minerals, and nutritional supplements by participants in a chemoprevention trial
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“However, these results are consistent with a large body of research, both cross-sectional and longitudinal, indicating the cumulative eects of life stress on health status (Heaney & Israel, 1997; House et al., 1988; Israel & Schurman, 1990; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Compassion Fatigue Scale: Its Use With Social Workers Following Urban Disaster
Adams, R. E., Figley, C. R., & Boscarino, J. A. (2007) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731507310190 · Cited by 280
“Thus, women, the elderly, the unmarried, and ethnic or racial minority groups respond more strongly to stress and have greater physical and psychological problems following these events, compared to men, younger adults, married individuals, and whites (Pearlin, 1989; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMental Health of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: A Developmental Resiliency Perspective
Mustanski, B. S., Newcomb, M. E., & Garofalo, R. (2011) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2011.561474 · Cited by 232
“Social support from family and friends is one of the most frequently studied psychosocial resources (Thoits, 1995), and the positive effects of perceived emotional support (i.”
BackgroundMarital transitions, marital beliefs, and mental health.
Simon, R., & Marcussen, K. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676367 · Cited by 197
Personal Agency in the Accumulation of Multiple Role-Identities
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Self-citationA minority stress perspective on transgender individuals’ experiences with misgendering.
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“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. to hostile environments in which enacted stigma may occur (e.g., Karlsen & Nazroo, 2002; Thoits, 1995, but see Prelow, Mosher, & Bowman, 2006).”
A Structural Model of Acculturation and Mental Health Status Among Chinese Americans
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“This is in line with earlier studies, which in contrast to the clearly positive effects of generally perceived availability of support, found incongruent results regarding the effects of actually received social support on psychosocial stress [21,42,49,59–62].”
ResultSTRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS AND DELINQUENCY ESCALATION IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE*
Hoffmann, J. P., & Cerbone, F. G. (1999) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00489.x · Cited by 224
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“…Meischke & Johnson, 1995; Hughes, 1993), as does emotional and social support from family and friends (Echlin & Rees, 2002; Elf & Wikblad, 2001; Thoits, 1995; Johnson & Meischke, 1993b; Coulton, 1990), and presence of a companion during physician visits (Beisecker & Beisecker, 1990; Buller &…”
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Intergenerational Trauma: Convergence of Multiple Processes among First Nations peoples in Canada
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“Social support seeking is generally viewed as being among the most effective methods of buffering against stressor-provoked psychological disturbances (depression, anxiety) and compromised physical health (Thoits, 1995; Underwood, 2000).”
Stress, Coping, and Social Support among Homeless Youth
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Socioeconomic Context, Social Support, and Adolescent Mental Health: A Multilevel Investigation
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“In addition, most research focuses solely on one mental health outcome, even though any single indicator is not an adequate proxy for all disorders (Aneshensel et al., 1991; Thoits, 1995 ).”
BackgroundResultThe Appraisal of Life Events (ALE) scale: Reliability and validity
Ferguson, E., Matthews, G., & Cox, T. (1999) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910799168506 · Cited by 223
Social context, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms: An expanded model with cardiac patients.
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Mental health and social capital in Cali, Colombia
Trudy Harpham, C., Grant, E. B., & Rodriguez, C. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.013 · Cited by 218
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“Since Durkheim’s (1897/1966) early work on suicide, the impact of social connections on mental well-being has been well documented (e.g., Lin, Dean, & Ensel, 1986; Putnam, 2000; Srole, Langer, Michael, Opler, & Thomas, 1962; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundHoekstra‐Weebers, J. E. H. M. (2001) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/26.4.225 · Cited by 217
“Social support has received much attention because of its beneficial effects on psychological wellbeing (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundResultPicardi, A., Gigantesco, A., Tarolla, E., Stoppioni, V., Cerbo, R., Cremonte, M., Alessandri, G., Lega, I., & Nardocci, F. (2018) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901814010143 · Cited by 249
Maternal self‐efficacy and 1–5‐year‐old children's brushing habits
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“certain forms of social support, for example, in exchanges where money is concerned (42).”
BackgroundPakenham, K. I., & Rinaldis, M. (2001) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1010718823753 · Cited by 211
Raghallaigh, M. N., & Gilligan, R. (2010) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00663.x · Cited by 211
Olphen, J., Schulz, A., Israel, B., Chatters, L., Klem, L., Parker, E., & Williams, D. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21031.x · Cited by 210
Life course perspectives on consumer behavior
Moschis, G. P. (2007) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-007-0027-3 · Cited by 210
“Furthermore, parental marital events such as divorce, (re) marriage, and lengthy discord tend to weaken the child’s emotional security and self-esteem (Elder 1998 ;H ill et al. 2001), which is a strong predictor of materialistic attitudes (e.g., Belk 1988) and a resource for combating stressful life events ( Thoits 19…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSchreurs, B. H. J., van Emmerik, I. J. H., Guenter, H., & Germeys, F. (2012) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21465 · Cited by 221
Social capital and health among the aged: comparisons between the United States and Germany
Pollack, C. E., & Knesebeck, O. V. D. (2004) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.08.008 · Cited by 208
Functional Disability, Disability Transitions, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Life
Yang, Y., & George, L. K. (2005) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264305276295 · Cited by 205
“A recent development in stress theory has been increased attention to the meaning of stressors (Burke, 1991; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundUnger, J. B., Johnson, C. A., & Marks, G. N. (1997) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02883332 · Cited by 211
“Because life events, chronic strains, and daily hassles have all been associated with health outcomes ( 73 ), future studies should investigate the buffering effects of physical activity and social interactions on these stressors in addition to widowhood.”
BackgroundThe effects of friendship networks on adolescent depressive symptoms
Ueno, K. (2005) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.03.002 · Cited by 197
The Psycho‐social Perspective on Social Inequalities in Health
Elstad, J. I. (1998) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00121 · Cited by 204
Thornton, P. L., Kieffer, E. C., Salabarría-Peña, Y., Odoms-Young, A., Willis, S. K., Kim, H., & Salinas, M. A. (2006) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-005-0025-3 · Cited by 290
Challenges in conceptualizing social support
Vangelisti, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407509105520 · Cited by 203
“Support that serves as an effective buffer for acute stressors (e.g., an illness) may not be helpful for chronic stressors (e.g., age-related disabilities) (see Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundResource loss, resource gain, and depressive symptoms: A 10-year model.
Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., & Cronkite, R. C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.3.620 · Cited by 202
“Social resources such as emotional support, guidance, and assistance from family members and friends are key to stress resistance (Cohen, 1992; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundSocial Integration, Fear of Crime, and Life Satisfaction
Adams, R. E., & Serpe, R. T. (2000) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.2307/1389550 · Cited by 202
Linkages Between Incarceration and Health
Massoglia, M., & Remster, B. (2019) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/0033354919826563 · Cited by 203
Ethnic identity, resettlement stress and depressive affect among Southeast Asian refugees in Canada
Beiser, M., & Hou, F. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.002 · Cited by 200
Health-Related On-Line Forums: What's the Big Attraction?
Tanis, M. (2008) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730802415316 · Cited by 198
“Even though close-by others play an important role in supporting (House & Kahn, 1985; Thoits, 1995; Wills, 1985), these more or less obligatory relations may lead to expectations or demands that can cause stress by themselves (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialWorkplace bullying and employee silence
Rai, A., & Agarwal, U. A. (2017) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-03-2017-0071 · Cited by 221
“For such employees, the mere perception of having socially supportive networks can be stress reducing, even if the social support network is not explicitly mobilized for dealing with stress (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundLin, X., & Kishore, R. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120574 · Cited by 225
Racial Identity, Maternal Support, and Psychological Distress among African American Adolescents
Caldwell, C. H., Zimmerman, M. A., Bernat, D. H., Sellers, R. M., & Notaro, P. C. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00474 · Cited by 203
“An extensive body of research exists that demonstrates that perception of family social support among adults is related to their physical and emotional wellbeing (for a review, see Thoits, 1995 ).”
BackgroundToward a Stress Process Model of Children’s Exposure to Physical Family and Community Violence
Foster, H., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2009) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0049-0 · Cited by 217
“Fourth, the stress process model includes a consideration of coping resources that are social and personal factors that people draw on when dealing with stressors, such as ETV (Thoits 1995; Pearlin and Schooler 1978; Pearlin et al. 1981).”
InfluentialScrignaro, M., Barni, S., & Magrin, M. E. (2011) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1782 · Cited by 196
“Furthermore, social support theories suggest that it is important to make a distinction between perceived availability of support, actual received support, and satisfaction with received support [40,41].”
BackgroundPathways to happiness: From personality to social networks and perceived support
Zhu, X.-M., Woo, S. E., Porter, C. M., & Brzeziński, M. (2013) · Soc. Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2013.04.005 · Cited by 200
“The knowledge that one can obtain necessary assistance from network contacts bolsters one's confidence in the ability to cope with stress and attenuates negative interpretations of stressful situations (Cohen, 2004; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA Confirmatory Factor Analysis of an Abbreviated Social Support Instrument: The MOS-SSS
Gjesfjeld, C. D., Greeno, C. G., & Kim, K. H. (2008) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731507309830 · Cited by 195
“Although empirical data have not yet confirmed the intervening mechanisms by which social support and health–mental health outcomes are related (Thoits, 1995), a significant amount of research has explored possible mechanisms.”
BackgroundSocial network variables in alcoholics anonymous: A literature review
Groh, D. R., JASON, L., & Keys, C. B. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.014 · Cited by 195
Metadata
- Authors
- Thoits, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- ORCID
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081745157
- Cited by
- 3,496
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 178 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 156
- FWCI
- 34.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- stress, coping strategies, social support, stressors, coping flexibility, personal control, perceived social support, stress buffering, negative experiences, interpersonal relationships, group support, coping interventions, health care reform
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Health Status, Humans, Public Policy, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological
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