The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Abstract
I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the differing impacts of stress across a range of physical and mental health outcomes, the "carry-overs" of stress from one role domain or stage of life into another, the benefits derived from negative experiences, and the determinants of the meaning of stressors. Although a sense of personal control and perceived social support influence health and mental health both directly and as stress buffers, the theoretical mechanisms through which they do so still require elaboration and testing. New work suggests that coping flexibility and structural constraints on individuals' coping efforts may be important to pursue. Promising new directions in social support research include studies of the negative effects of social relationships and of support giving, mutual coping and support-giving dynamics, optimal "matches" between individuals' needs and support received, and properties of groups which can provide a sense of social support. Qualitative comparative analysis, optimal matching analysis, and event-structure analysis are new techniques which may help advance research in these broad topic areas. To enhance the effectiveness of coping and social support interventions, intervening mechanisms need to be better understood. Nevertheless, the policy implications of stress research are clear and are important given current interest in health care reform in the United States.
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“The stress-coping theory posits that the availability of coping resources would facilitate the use of adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressors and increase the efficacy of coping strategies [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the results generally support the stress-coping theory that coping resources would facilitate effective coping and moderate the relationship of stressors, coping, and health outcomes [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“From a theoretical standpoint, our findings align with social support theory. That is, interactions with therapy dogs and handlers may serve as a source of social support, resulting in reduced students’ anxiety and stress levels [22].”
From Canine-assisted therapy in reducing stress and anxiety levels of university students: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This could improve social interactions as quality social relationships are an important protective factor against mental disorders (76).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [76]
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“In addition, based on prior research indicating that coping varies by socioeconomic status (Pearlin 2000; Thoits 1995), family SES was included as a time-varying control variable.”
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“An established literature indicates that both women and men are in better health when they have strong social connections, and especially strong support from their families (Thoits 1995).”
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“Specifically, we test a model of the relationship between mental disorder and violence that draws on the social stress literatures in mental health and criminology (Agnew 1992; Aneshensel 1992; Cullen 1994; Pearlin 1999; Thoits 1995).”
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“Second, perceived emotional support is associated directly with better physical and mental health and usually acts as a buffer against the damaging impact of major life events and chronic strains on mental and physical health (Cohen, 1988; Cohen & Wills, 1985; Sarason, Sarason, & Pierce, 1990; Thoits, 1995).”
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Trajectories of Delinquency among Puerto Rican Children and Adolescents at Two Sites
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An Examination of Social Support and PTSD Treatment Response During Prolonged Exposure
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“Perceived social support is defined as the perception that others would provide assistance and care in a time of need (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991; Thoits, 1995).”
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“Social support is by and large negatively correlated with depression symptoms in various populations (S. E. Taylor, 2007; Thoits, 1995; Uchino et al., 1996), a relation that is often observed among HispanicAmerican women (e.g., Leadbeater & Linares, 1992; Salgado de Snyder, 1987).”
BackgroundInfluentialInterpersonal Processes of Couples’ Daily Support for Goal Pursuit: The Example of Physical Activity
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“Research suggested that effective support is most likely to stem from a provider who shares similar experiences with the support recipient (Thoits, 1995).”
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“…social statuses, as stratified by gender, race, class, sexuality, and other markers of difference, and people’s own perceptions of their statuses in relation to the social world, can shape people’s experiences with strain, stress, and mental health outcomes (Pearlin et al., 1981; Thoits 1995).”
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“However, inclusion of significant others in the stresscoping model has been limited, despite social support being considered a key resource individuals should utilise to deal with stress [55,56].”
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“However, as noted by Thoits (1995) , most studies have focused primarily on one domain of outcomes (usually psychological health as indicated by depression or anxiety measures), which underestimates the impact of stress and limits the understanding of the relations between stress and adjustment.”
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“Although the effectiveness of a coping style may depend on characteristics of the stressful situation, in general, problem-focused coping is considered as more beneficial for mental wellbeing than emotion-focused and avoidance-focused coping (Thoits, 1995).”
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“Serious environmental challenges that result in significant modifications in the person’s biological and/or cognitive functioning have been referred to as stressors (Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Muller, 1981; Thoits 1995).”
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“…evaluation of negative relationships as adverse or nonadverse is shaped by a variety of factors, which may include prior experiences, availability of social support, and certain individual traits like negative emotionality (Agnew et al., 2002; Dohrenwend, 1998; Lazarus, 1999; Thoits, 1995).”
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“Some research findings have indicated that individuals’ mastery was related to their social status (Thoits, 1995) and was specifically reduced in lower income groups (Jang, Borenstein-Graves, Haley, Small, & Mortimer, 2003; Lachman & Weaver, 1998).”
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“Social Factors, Frailty, and Older Mexican Americans Extensive research has shown that social support and stressors influence both physical and mental health (Dressler, Oths, & Gravlee, 2005; Krueger & Chang, 2008; Schneiderman, Ironson, & Siegel, 2005; Thoits, 1995).”
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Developmental Contexts and Mental Disorders Among Asian Americans
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“To complement this approach, it may be useful to incorporate more dynamic analytic models that view age of arrival as an “unfolding” event in which earlier events can prime the causal influence of subsequent events and occurrences (Thoits, 1995).”
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“On the one hand, stress may influence M AN US CR IP T AC CE PT ED ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 health via neuroendocrine or direct immune responses (Thoits, 1995), and on the ther hand stress can affect the outcomes of disease indirectly through influencing health behaviors (Wills, Vaccaro & Mcnamara,…”
BackgroundWhen Criminal Coping is Likely: An Examination of Conditioning Effects in General Strain Theory
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“An individual’s stable or ‘usual’ means of coping is one’s dispositional coping style (29, 30 ).”
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Freeman, P. B., & Rees, T. (2009) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200903222913 · Cited by 123
“Elucidating the mechanisms underpinning effects of social support will not only serve to enhance theory, but will also help in the development of effective theory-led support interventions (Thoits, 1995).”
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“…results are also in line with previous literature on the benefits of contact with nature in general, be they physical (Bodin and Hartig, 2003; Bowler et al., 2010; Thompson Coon et al., 2011) or psychological (Ulrich et al., 1991; Hartig et al., 1996; White et al., 2013; Scopelliti et al., 2016).”
ResultStress and preterm delivery: a conceptual framework
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Social Support and Caregiver Distress: A Replication Analysis
Miller, B., Townsend, A. L., Carpenter, E., Montgomery, R. V. J., Stull, D. E., & Young, R. F. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/56.4.s249 · Cited by 100
“This pattern is similar to the emphasis placed on the value of perceived support compared with other types of support (Thoits, 1995).”
InfluentialSimon, R. W., & Lively, K. J. (2010) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2010.0031 · Cited by 103
“This hypothesis focuses on social psychological rather than structural factors, such as women’s insufficient coping and social support resources, which render them more vulnerable than men to the adverse emotional effects of stress (see Aneshensel 1992 and Thoits 1995 for reviews).”
BackgroundAnger in Black and White: Race, Alienation, and Anger
Mabry, J. B., & Kiecolt, K. J. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600107 · Cited by 102
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From ???Death Sentence??? to ???Good Cancer???
Maliski, S. L., Heilemann, M. V., & McCorkle, R. C. (2002) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200211000-00007 · Cited by 99
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“At the same time, psychosocial moderating resources such as coping strategies, control, and social support (Thoits, 1995) might be limited or inappropriate to the new economic and social context, increasing the immigrants’ risk of exposure to HIV and their vulnerability to effectively cope with it.”
BackgroundProtecting Us from Ourselves: Social Support as a Buffer of Trait and State Rumination
Puterman, E. M., DeLongis, A., & Pomaki, G. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.7.797 · Cited by 112
Commentary on the Special Section “Theory-Based Approaches to Stress and Coping”
Folkman, S. (2009) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.72 · Cited by 103
Leisure as a coping resource: a test of the job demand-control-support model
Joudrey, A. D., & Wallace, J. E. (2009) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708100357 · Cited by 98
“A source of support that is commonly found in the work literature is from one’s co-workers (Thoits, 1995).1 Research has shown that a lack of support from colleagues negatively affects worker well-being, whereas the ability to draw on others in a somewhat personal and emotional way should have a…”
BackgroundInfluentialRichmond, C. A. M., & Ross, N. A. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.028 · Cited by 105
The stress of the university experience for students with Asperger syndrome
Glennon, T. J. (2001) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2001-00188 · Cited by 99
“The typical mediators of stress for college students [11,25,38,46], such as regular social contact with friends and family, may be compromised when a student moves away from home for the first time.”
Stress and health behaviour over the life course
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“understanding these linkages (see Mirowsky and Ross, 1998; Pearlin, et al., 2005; Thoits, 1995 ).”
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Fletcher, R. J., & StGeorge, J. M. (2011) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732311404903 · Cited by 103
“Support from experienced informants such as these fathers is valuable because their experiences in common can help develop trust (Preece, 1999; Sherbourne, 1988; Thoits, 1995), thereby helping to authenticate the communications.”
BackgroundSomatization and mental health: A comparative study of the idiom of distress hypothesis
Keyes, C. L. M., & Ryff, C. D. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00017-0 · Cited by 97
Mika Kivimaki, B., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M. J., Lillrank, B., & Kevin, M. V. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000031576.42041.b1 · Cited by 97
“Different types of life events may be concentrated among the same people (14).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWoodward, A. T., Taylor, R. J., Bullard, K. M., Neighbors, H. W., Chatters, L. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.11.1292 · Cited by 97
“This finding is consistent with previous research that has found that lower income is associated with less service use (1,32,34) as well as less use of informal support (29,35).”
ResultRace, ethnicity, and depression in Canadian society.
Wu, Z., Noh, S., Kaspar, V., & Schimmele, C. M. (2003) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/1519788 · Cited by 113
Kunitz, S. J. (2004) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh015 · Cited by 99
Carr, D., Friedman, M. A., & Jaffe, K. (2007) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.02.004 · Cited by 97
“We propose that obesity increases one’s susceptibility to enduring physical and interpersonal strains that require personal adjustment; both exposure to and efforts to adjust to enduring stressful conditions may affect one’s mood ( Thoits, 1995 ).”
Tran, A. G. T. T., Lam, C. K., & Legg, E. (2018) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000018806687 · Cited by 96
Social demands, social supports, and psychological distress among low-income women
Durden, E., Hill, T. D., & Angel, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407507077226 · Cited by 96
“Like other psychosocial resources, social support may also benefit mental health by altering stress appraisals and promoting alternative or healthy coping strategies in the face of stress or burden (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialExposure to Interparental Conflict and Psychological Disorder Among Young Adults
Turner, H. A., & Kopiec, K. (2006) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x05280991 · Cited by 94
“Similarly, many studies show that a sense of control or mastery both directly reduces psychological distress or disorder and buffers the deleterious effects of stress exposure on mental health (Thoits, 1995, for review).”
BackgroundMortality Differentials and Religion in the United States: Religious Affiliation and Attendance
Sullivan, A. R. (2010) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01543.x · Cited by 96
Family Structure Pathways and Academic Disadvantage among Adolescents in Stepfamilies*
Tillman, K. H. (2007) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2007.00198.x · Cited by 95
Roberts, M. H., Klatzkin, R. R., & Mechlin, B. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9686-3 · Cited by 96
“At the theoretical level, social support provides an individual under duress with an effective psychological coping mechanism, thereby reducing the perceived threat level of the stressor and, consequently, stress levels [72, 73].”
BackgroundVideo games as coping mechanisms in the etiology of video game addiction.
Plante, C., Gentile, D., Groves, C. L., Modlin, A., & Blanco-Herrera, J. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000186 · Cited by 95
Xu, J., & He, Y. (2012) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02331.x · Cited by 97
Network Dynamics: How Can We Find Patients Like Us?
Yan, L., Peng, J., & Tan, Y. (2011) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2015.0585 · Cited by 96
Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., & Kim, H. (1997) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/585098 · Cited by 94
“has a large social support network, he or she has better psychological well-being (Antonnucci & Depner, 1982; Cohen & Syme, 1985; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPutting policy into practice? Poverty and people with serious mental illness
Wilton, R. D. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00148-5 · Cited by 94
“In addition to the challenges posed by mental illness, people face structural barriers such as poverty, social stigma, a lack of affordable housing and limited employment opportunities (Boydell, Gladstone, Crawford, & Trainor, 1999; Wahl, 1999; Ware and Goldfinger, 1997).”
BackgroundVictimization in Early Life and Mental Health in Adulthood
Hill, T. D., Kaplan, L. M., French, M. T., & Johnson, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146509361194 · Cited by 102
Meadows, S. O. (2009) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x09333759 · Cited by 94
Macrolevel Stressors, Terrorism, and Mental Health Outcomes: Broadening the Stress Paradigm
Richman, J. A., Cloninger, L., & Rospenda, K. M. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.113118 · Cited by 94
Martin, L., Rosen, L. N., Durand, D. B., Knudson, K. H. M., & Stretch, R. H. (2000) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964280009595750 · Cited by 96
Harvey, C. A., Evert, H., Herrman, H., & Trauer, T. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0617-4 · Cited by 97
Gender harassment, job satisfaction, and distress among employed White and minority women.
Piotrkowski, C. S. (1998) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.3.1.33 · Cited by 93
Hobfoll, S. E., Schwarzer, R., & Chon, K. K. (1998) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809808248311 · Cited by 97
Mojaverian, T., & Kim, H. S. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212465319 · Cited by 93
“Many studies show the benefit of perceived support availability, or comfort that is provided through being aware of the existence of a support network who could provide support if necessary (e.g., Thoits, 1995; Wethington & Kessler, 1986).”
BackgroundDistinctive late-life challenges: Implications for coping and well-being.
Kling, K. C., Seltzer, M. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1997) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.12.2.288 · Cited by 93
Bosmans, K., Hardonk, S. C., Cuyper, N. D., & Vanroelen, C. (2015) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-152136 · Cited by 107
“Copingstrategiesarebehaviouraland/orcognitive endeavours that play a role when managing spe-cific situational demands that are perceived as taxing or exceeding one’s ability to adapt [46].”
InfluentialAdolescent Autonomy and the Impact of Family Structure on Materialism and Compulsive Buying
Roberts, J. A., Manolis, C., & Tanner, J. F. (2006) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679140404 · Cited by 92
Nowotny, K. M., & Timmer, A. (2018) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12566 · Cited by 101
National Study of Behavioral and Life Changes Since September 11
Torabi, M., & Seo, D. (2004) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198103259183 · Cited by 98
“These results are consistent with previous studies indicating the effectiveness of coping strategies in moderating the effects of distress(21-26,35,36) and the gender difference in the use of coping strategies, especially religious coping.(21,22,25) In terms of age-group as a predictor for experiencing behavioral chan…”
ResultThe effect of emotional provider support on angry versus anxious consumers
Menon, K., & Dubé, L. (2007) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2007.04.001 · Cited by 92
Life Strain, Coping, and Delinquency in the People’s Republic of China
Bao, W.-N., Haas, A., & Pi, Y. (2007) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x06294428 · Cited by 95
Getting wasted: why college students drink too much and party so hard
Ven, T. V. (2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-4179 · Cited by 92
Metadata
- Authors
- Thoits, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- ORCID
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081745157
- Cited by
- 3,496
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 178 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 156
- FWCI
- 34.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- stress, coping strategies, social support, stressors, coping flexibility, personal control, perceived social support, stress buffering, negative experiences, interpersonal relationships, group support, coping interventions, health care reform
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Health Status, Humans, Public Policy, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological
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