The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Abstract
I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the differing impacts of stress across a range of physical and mental health outcomes, the "carry-overs" of stress from one role domain or stage of life into another, the benefits derived from negative experiences, and the determinants of the meaning of stressors. Although a sense of personal control and perceived social support influence health and mental health both directly and as stress buffers, the theoretical mechanisms through which they do so still require elaboration and testing. New work suggests that coping flexibility and structural constraints on individuals' coping efforts may be important to pursue. Promising new directions in social support research include studies of the negative effects of social relationships and of support giving, mutual coping and support-giving dynamics, optimal "matches" between individuals' needs and support received, and properties of groups which can provide a sense of social support. Qualitative comparative analysis, optimal matching analysis, and event-structure analysis are new techniques which may help advance research in these broad topic areas. To enhance the effectiveness of coping and social support interventions, intervening mechanisms need to be better understood. Nevertheless, the policy implications of stress research are clear and are important given current interest in health care reform in the United States.
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“The stress-coping theory posits that the availability of coping resources would facilitate the use of adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressors and increase the efficacy of coping strategies [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the results generally support the stress-coping theory that coping resources would facilitate effective coping and moderate the relationship of stressors, coping, and health outcomes [21,22].”
From Associations between COVID-19 Work-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Chinese Doctors and Nurses: Application of Stress-Coping Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“From a theoretical standpoint, our findings align with social support theory. That is, interactions with therapy dogs and handlers may serve as a source of social support, resulting in reduced students’ anxiety and stress levels [22].”
From Canine-assisted therapy in reducing stress and anxiety levels of university students: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This could improve social interactions as quality social relationships are an important protective factor against mental disorders (76).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [76]
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“Inconsistent results in terms of the moderating effect of social support are reported in prior research (House, 1981; LaRocco et al., 1980; Thoits, 1995).”
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BackgroundContextualizing Health Outcomes: Do Effects of Network Structure Differ for Women and Men?
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“The need to consider multiple outcomes in studies that focus on moderating effects of gender follows from accumulating evidence that expressions of psychological distress are gendered (Denton et al. 2004; McDonough and Walters 2001; Sachs-Ericsson and Ciarlo 2000; Thoits 1995; Umberson et al. 1996).”
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“Support does not exist in a vacuum but is part of the “social fund” that people draw from when handling stressors (Thoits, 1995).”
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“Likewise, since internal control has proven to effectively facilitate adaptation to aging (Lachman 2006; Lachman and Weaver 1998), feelings of control and efficacy should contribute to self-perceived capacity to cope with changing contexts, as in the transition to retirement (Thoits 1995).”
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“Social support refers to the assistance provided to an individual by significant others, such as family members, friends, peers, relatives, and neighbors, which could be in the form of socioemotional help, practical support, or informational aid, among others (Thoits, 1995).”
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“The online adjustment support resources we identified are similar to more general social support resources in that they provide “. . .a potential for action, but not action itself (Gore, 1985, p. 266 in Thoits, 1995, p. 59).”
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“Social support refers to the functions performed by family, friends, and significant others when an individual encounters an external environmental stressor [36].”
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The Significance of Shift Work: Current Status and Future Directions
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“Thoits (1995) has summarized this work stating: ‘‘An impressive number of studies shows that a sense of control or mastery both directly reduces psychological disturbance and physical illness and buffers the deleterious effects of stress exposure on physical and mental health’’ (p. 60).”
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“Family, friends, classmates, and teachers may serve this protective function by providing verbal support and emotional assistance, such as a sense of being valued, cared for, and understood (Thoits 1995), and by encouraging adaptive problem-solving and emotion regulation strategies.”
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Projects and Their Management: A Literature Review
Prabhakar, G. P. (2009) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v3n8p3 · Cited by 64
Daily job search and psychological distress: Evidence from China
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“In the coping literature, a positive relationship between problem-focused coping and well-being is generally expected (Thoits, 1995).”
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“This risk could be modified by social support, which appears to have a stronger protective effect for men than for women, especially in terms of health benefits [27, 28].”
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Social Contact, Socioeconomic Status, and the Health Status of Older Malaysians
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“Recently, a growing number of studies have addressed the impact of chronic (or longer term) stressors on health (Aneshensel, 1992; Thoits, 1995).”
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“Thoits (1995) considered social support as an external psychological coping mechanism that positively affects an individuals’ self-esteem and self-efficacy while mitigating the effects of stress.”
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“Research on the conditional effect of social support suggests that it may be a significant moderator for some types of strain but not others, and that the effect depends on the victim’s gender (Coyne & Downey, 1991; Cullen, 1994; Richman, Rosenfeld, & Bowen, 1998; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundRos, L., Latorre, J. M., Aguilar, M. J., Serrano, J. P., Bravo, B. N., & Ricarte, J. J. (2011) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ag.72.2.a · Cited by 62
“Moreover, different studies have shown that women have higher rates of depressive symptoms (Thoits, 1995; Vingerhoets & Van Heck, 1990) and suffer from higher rates of affect disorders (Haro, Palacin, Vilagut, Martinez, Bernal, Luque, et al., 2006; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001) than men.”
BackgroundLi, C., Chen, M., Chang, T., Chou, H., & Chen, M.-Y. (2015) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2015.02.008 · Cited by 62
“Support from friends and family as a valuable resource has been related to psychological well-being (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundRamírez, M. T. G., & Hernández, R. L. (2014) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.1016/s2007-4719(14)70387-4 · Cited by 63
“A nivel conceptual, adquieren vigencia las propuestas de Saranson, Sarason y Pierce (1990) y Thoits (1995), que suponen una progresiva subjetivación del concepto de apoyo social.”
Backgroundvan der Ham, A. J., Ujano-Batangan, M. T., Ignacio, R., & Wolffers, I. (2014) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9777-9 · Cited by 61
“his or her usual cognitive or behavioural patterns (Thoits 1995).”
BackgroundAdams, R. E., Guey, L. T., Gluzman, S. F., & Bromet, E. J. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011415204 · Cited by 62
“…to cope with the Chornobyl disaster, the most critical of which, as noted above, are demographic characteristics, health risk factors, other stressful life events and social-psychological resources (Hobfoll, 1989; Thoits, 1995; Turner et al., 1995), and risk perceptions (Bromet et al., 2011).”
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“Psychosocial mechanisms implicated in the relationship between chronic inflammation and reduced QoL include: adverse interactional dynamics [47,48]; internal stress processes [49,50]; emotional strain of coping with negative social consequences of illness [13,51]; physical, emotional, and sexual abuse [47,48]; depress…”
BackgroundQuevillon, R. P., Gray, B., Erickson, S. E., González, E. D. C. A., & Jacobs, G. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22336 · Cited by 65
“Often categorized as comprising emotional support, information/cognitive guidance, and instrumental support (see Thoits, 1985), social support is optimally effective when the type and timing of the support match the needs of the receiver (Kaniasty, 2012; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundTrzebiatowski, T. M., & Triana, M. D. C. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-4000-5 · Cited by 63
Social environment, life challenge, and health among the elderly in Taiwan.
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Stress and Physical Health Deterioration in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
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“One of the most important of these resources is social support because social support forms a “fund” of coping resources from which people can draw during times of troubles (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundLee, M., & Carr, D. (2007) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027507303171 · Cited by 61
Well-Being across the Life Course
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.023 · Cited by 60
Explaining the Mental Health Disparity by Sexual Orientation
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“Mortimer & Simmons, 1978), stress processes (both acute and chronic stress; Thoits, 1995) and coping responses (primary and secondary; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), or changes (development/growth or decline) in human capital (knowledge and mastery; Bolger, Avshalom, Downey, & Moorehouse, 1988).”
BackgroundEdwards, K. M., Waterman, E. A., Ullman, S. E., Rodriguez, L. M., Dardis, C. M., & Dworkin, E. R. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520934437 · Cited by 61
“Grounded in stress, coping, and social support theories (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Taylor, 2011; Thoits, 1995), a large body of research with victims has documented significant associations among negative social reactions to an IPV or SA disclosure and self-blame, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),…”
BackgroundExploring the effect of subjective air pollution on happiness in China
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“It is harmful to their physical and mental health (Scheier and Carver 1992; Thoits 1995).”
BackgroundSocial Support among Unmarried Childless Elderly Persons
Wu, Z. H., & Pollard, M. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/53b.6.s324 · Cited by 61
“…and Mullan's (1981) stress model, for example, incorporates enduring and basic problems (chronic strains) that life events may create or exacerbate, holding that greater strain mobilizes social support by encouraging people to actively seek it out (also see, e.g., Arling, 1987; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-Management: Its place in the management of chronic illnesses
Walker, C., Swerissen, H., & Belfrage, J. (2003) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah030034a · Cited by 55
Higher-order model of resilience in the Canadian forces.
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“, 2001), or can decrease susceptibility to mental illness by facilitating the use of effective coping strategies (Arias, Lyons, & Street, 1997; Thoits, 1986).”
BackgroundA longitudinal analysis of loneliness, social isolation and falls amongst older people in England
Bu, F., Abell, J. G., Zaninotto, P., & Fancourt, D. E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77104-z · Cited by 66
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Impact of Life Events and Difficulties on the Mental Health of Chinese Immigrant Women
Tang, T. N., Oatley, K., & Toner, B. B. (2007) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-007-9042-1 · Cited by 60
“Extensive theoretical and empirical work has highlighted the role of social support on the physical and psychological health of individuals, with the evidence converging to suggest that lack of social support is associated with increased risk for distress and mental illness [14, 15].”
BackgroundKangovi, S., Grande, D., Carter, T., Barg, F. K., Rogers, M. A., Glanz, K., Shannon, R. P., & Long, J. A. (2014) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2014.02.001 · Cited by 60
Social Support as a Mediator of Physical Disability and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Elderly
Xie, H., Peng, W., Yang, Y., Zhang, D., Sun, Y., Wu, M., Zhang, J., Jia, J., & Su, Y. (2017) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.11.012 · Cited by 60
“Studies on life stress suggest that the effectiveness of any coping resource may depend on properties of the stressor (Thoits, 1995).”
Impact of functional support on health‐related quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer
Sultan, S., Fisher, D. A., Voils, C. I., Kinney, A. Y., Sandler, R. S., & Provenzale, D. (2004) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.20699 · Cited by 59
“It has been suggested that social networks are necessary but not sufficient, in and of themselves, for drawing support from others.(28) Additional modifying behaviors or factors, such as coping style and personality, may influence an individual’s ability to”
BackgroundWell-being in older Mexican American spouses
Peek, M. K., Stimpson, J. P., Townsend, A. L., & Markides, K. S. (2006) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/46.2.258 · Cited by 60
“Finally, we account for stressors in the analysis because stressors have been shown to be strongly related to well-being, especially depressive symptoms (see Thoits, 1995 for a review).”
MethodStigma Resistance and Well-Being in the Context of the Mental Illness Identity
Marcussen, K., Gallagher, M. S., & Ritter, C. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146520976624 · Cited by 59
Age, the Stress Process, and Physical Distress
Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (2000) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826430001200201 · Cited by 59
“Social stressors and social resources have been found to have direct and mediating effects on psychological well-being (Aneshensel, 1992; Cohen & Wills, 1985; House & Kahn, 1985; Lin & Ensel, 1989; Pearlin, 1989; Thoits, 1995; Turner, Wheaton, & Lloyd, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSense of Mastery, Social Support, and Health in Elderly Canadians
Gadalla, T. M. (2009) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264309333318 · Cited by 66
“A reverse effect of physical and psychological stressors on perceived and/or received social support has also been suggested but has not been empirically examined (Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundMental Health Differences between Young Adults with and without Same-Sex Contact
Ueno, K. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510386793 · Cited by 59
Being bullied and depressive symptoms in Chinese high school students: The role of social support
Guo, J., Li, M., Wang, X.-H. F., Ma, S., & Ma, J. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112676 · Cited by 62
Similar-other support for men undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
Thoits, P. A., Hohmann, A. A., Harvey, M. R., & Fletcher, B. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.3.264 · Cited by 59
Self-citationCEO childhood trauma, social networks, and strategic risk taking
Tian, L., Jiang, Y., & Yang, Y. F. (2022) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101618 · Cited by 60
Families Across Borders: The Emotional Impacts of Migration on Origin Families*
Silver, A. M. (2011) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00672.x · Cited by 66
Woodward, A. T., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. (2010) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.5243/jsswr.2010.10 · Cited by 61
“, greater frequency) with family and friends (Cohen et al., 2000; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundResultRos, L., & Latorre, J. M. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.002 · Cited by 58
Sources of Life Strengths as Predictors of Late-Life Mortality and Survivorship
Fry, P. S., & Debats, D. L. (2006) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/3vat-d77g-vcnq-6t61 · Cited by 58
“These findings are somewhat analogous with results from earlier studies (e.g., Thoits, 1995; Anstey, Luszcz, & Andrews, 2002) reporting that variables such as Self-Esteem, Morale, and Internal Control constitute internal psychological resources that are independent predictors of mortality.”
ResultPerceived Quality of Life in Mothers of Children With Fragile X Syndrome
Wheeler, A., Skinner, D., & Bailey, D. B. (2008) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2008)113[159:pqolim]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 58
Same-Sex Experience and Mental Health During the Transition Between Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Ueno, K. (2010) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01179.x · Cited by 58
Lai, Y., Saridakis, G., & Blackburn, R. A. (2013) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2549 · Cited by 58
“Job stress and job stressors Stress has been used to denote demands, which require the workers to readjust his/her usual behavioural patterns (Holmes & Rache, 1967), or the state of physiological or emotional arousal that is caused by the perception of the demands (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Selye, 1974; Thoits, 1995).”
BackgroundSloan, M. M., Evenson, R. J., & Thompson, A. B. (2013) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272513504937 · Cited by 62
Religion, spirituality, coping, and resilience among African Americans with diabetes
Choi, S. A., & Hastings, J. F. (2018) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2018.1524735 · Cited by 58
“Theoretical framework: coping and resilience in managing health outcomes The study uses the theory of stress and coping as one of its theoretical foundations (Aneshensel, 1992; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Neff, 1985; Neighbors, 1986; Pearlin, 1999; Thoits, 1995; Turner, Wheaton, & Lloyd, 1995).”
MethodLü, J., Zhang, C., Xue, Y., Mao, D., Zheng, X., Wu, S., & Wang, X. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.003 · Cited by 57
Corner, E., & Gill, P. (2019) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-019-09420-1 · Cited by 60
“Turner and Avison (1992) supplemented this in explaining how only experiences perceived by an individual as ‘unresolved’ [unable “to derive positive meaning for themselves and/or their futures” (Thoits 1995, pp. 58)] are linked to distress symptoms.”
BackgroundSemenza, D. C., & Link, N. W. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112618 · Cited by 53
Mizuno, Y., Purcell, D. W., Dawson-Rose, C. S., Parsons, J. T., & The Seropositive Urban Men's Study Team (2003) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120310001595177 · Cited by 58
Depression and Law Violation: Gendered Responses to Gendered Stresses
Coster, S. D. (2005) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2005.48.2.155 · Cited by 60
Metadata
- Authors
- Thoits, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- ORCID
- Thoits, Peggy A.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 53
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081745157
- Cited by
- 3,496
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 178 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 156
- FWCI
- 34.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- stress, coping strategies, social support, stressors, coping flexibility, personal control, perceived social support, stress buffering, negative experiences, interpersonal relationships, group support, coping interventions, health care reform
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Health Status, Humans, Public Policy, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological
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