Does it matter who answers the race question? Racial classification and income inequality in Brazil
Abstract
Previous studies ofracial inequality have relied on official statistics that presumably use self-classification of race. Using novel data from a 1995 national survey in Brazil, we find that the estimates of racial income inequality based on self-classification are lower than those based on interviewer classification. After human capital and labor market controls, whites earn 26% more than browns with interviewer classification but earn only 17% more than browns with self-classification. Black-brown differences hardly change: Blacks earn 13% and 12% less than browns with interviewer classification and self-classification, respectively. We contend that interviewer classification of race is more appropriate because analysts of racial inequality are interested in the effects of racial discrimination, which depends on how others classify one's race.
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Self-identification has been shown to be responsive to one's arrest records and to one's class position.
“Self-identification has been shown to be responsive to one's arrest records [89] and to one's class position [115].”
From Towards a critical race methodology in algorithmic fairness (2020) · cites this paper as [115]
When race is utilized as a descriptive category, the choices about what categories to use and how to assign individuals to categories significantly impacts the results of analysis.
“When race is utilized as a descriptive category, the choices about what categories to use and how to assign individuals to categories significantly impacts the results of analysis [18, 102, 114, 115].”
From Towards a critical race methodology in algorithmic fairness (2020) · cites this paper as [115]
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The functionality of market‐based discrimination
Darity, W. A. J. (2001) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/eum0000000006135 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Intergroup Disparity: Economic Theory and Social Science Evidence
Darity, W. A. J. (1998) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.1002/j.2325-8012.1998.tb00106.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Volatilidade classificatória e a (in)consistência da desigualdade racial
Muniz, J. O., & Bastos, J. L. (2017) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00082816 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Race and Ethnicity and Latin America's United Nations Millennium Development Goals
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Telles, E. E., & Lim, N.
- Affiliations
- Ford Foundation (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Telles, Edward E.
- Venue
- Demography
- Publisher
- Duke University Press
- Published
- 1998-11-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 465-474
- ISSN
- 0070-3370 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-7790
- OpenAlex
- W2001175042
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 11.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Demography (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- racial classification, racial income inequality, racial discrimination, black-white income gap, Brazil, racial stratification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Brazil, Data Collection, Humans, Income, Interviews as Topic, Prejudice, Random Allocation, Social Class, Urban Population, Bias, Likelihood Functions, Black People, White People, Racial Groups
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