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Cited by 107Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyMetabolism, Diabetes, and CancerExercise and Physiological Responses

Increased Skeletal Muscle Capillarization Independently Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Older Adults After Exercise Training and Detraining

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Prior, Steven J., Goldberg, Andrew P., Ortmeyer, Heidi K., Chin, Eva R., Chen, Dapeng, Blumenthal, Jacob B., Ryan, Alice S.·2015·Diabetes
DOI 10.2337/db14-1771PMC PMC4587640
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Abstract

Intramuscular signaling and glucose transport mechanisms contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity after aerobic exercise training. This study tested the hypothesis that increases in skeletal muscle capillary density (CD) also contribute to exercise-induced improvements in whole-body insulin sensitivity (insulin-stimulated glucose uptake per unit plasma insulin [M/I]) independent of other mechanisms. The study design included a 6-month aerobic exercise training period followed by a 2-week detraining period to eliminate short-term effects of exercise on intramuscular signaling and glucose transport. Before and after exercise training and detraining, 12 previously sedentary older (65 ± 3 years) men and women underwent research tests, including hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and vastus lateralis biopsies. Exercise training increased Vo2max (2.2 ± 0.2 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2 L/min), CD (313 ± 13 vs. 349 ± 18 capillaries/mm2), and M/I (0.041 ± 0.005 vs. 0.051 ± 0.007 μmol/kg fat-free mass/min) (P < 0.05 for all). Exercise training also increased the insulin activation of glycogen synthase by 60%, GLUT4 expression by 16%, and 5′ AMPK-α1 expression by 21%, but these reverted to baseline levels after detraining. Conversely, CD and M/I remained 15% and 18% higher after detraining, respectively (P < 0.05), and the changes in M/I (detraining minus baseline) correlated directly with changes in CD in regression analysis (partial r = 0.70; P = 0.02). These results suggest that an increase in CD is one mechanism contributing to sustained improvements in glucose metabolism after aerobic exercise training.

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  • Molecular adaptations that regulate insulin sensitivity after one exercise bout lead to sustained elevations in insulin action with regular physical training.

    “The molecular adaptations that regulate insulin sensitivity after one exercise bout lead to sustained elevations in insulin action with regular physical training 57-60.”

    From Effect of exercise training on insulin-stimulated glucose disposal: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [58]

    The Discussion reports improved insulin sensitivity after six months of aerobic training, with an 18% improvement remaining after two weeks of detraining. But it attributes most of the lasting improvement to longer-lasting mechanisms, including increased capillary density; the measured intramuscular adaptations reverted toward baseline. The paper does not establish that molecular adaptations after a single exercise bout lead to the sustained improvement. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  1. [33]33. Andres R, Swerdloff RS, Pozefsky T, Coleman D. Manual feedback tech- nique for the control of blood glucose concentration. In Scova NB et al., Eds. Automation in Analytical Chemistry (Technician Symposium). New York, Mediad, 1966, p. 489-491.

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Authors
Prior, S. J., Goldberg, A. P., Ortmeyer, H. K., Chin, E. R., Chen, D., Blumenthal, J. B., & Ryan, A. S.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Corresponding author
Prior, Steven J.
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2015-06-11
Volume
64
Issue
10
Pages
3386-3395
ISSN
  • 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-327X
DOI
10.2337/db14-1771
PMC
PMC4587640
OpenAlex
W2147920255
Semantic Scholar
8f1e5c01b44dc4526bbf5b18b3fc6fa198133465
Cited by
107
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
FWCI
24.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.diabetesjournals.org/site/license (vor, 295 d)
Locations
  • Diabetes (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (K23-AG040775, P30-AG028747)
  • American Federation for Aging Research
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30-DK072488)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords
insulin sensitivity, aerobic exercise training, detraining, older adults, glucose uptake, glycogen synthase, GLUT4, AMPK, glucose transport, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, vastus lateralis
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Capillaries, Female, Glucose, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

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