The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This study examined associations of maternal glycemia during pregnancy with childhood glucose outcomes in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: HAPO was an observational international investigation that established associations of maternal glucose with adverse perinatal outcomes. The HAPO Follow-up Study included 4,832 children ages 10–14 years whose mothers had a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at ∼28 weeks of gestation. Of these, 4,160 children were evaluated for glucose outcomes. Primary outcomes were child impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Additional outcomes were glucose-related measures using plasma glucose (PG), A1C, and C-peptide from the child OGTT. RESULTS: Maternal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was positively associated with child FPG and A1C; maternal 1-h and 2-h PG were positively associated with child fasting, 30 min, 1-h, and 2-h PG, and A1C. Maternal FPG, 1-h, and 2-h PG were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity, whereas 1-h and 2-h PG were inversely associated with disposition index. Maternal FPG, but not 1-h or 2-h PG, was associated with child IFG, and maternal 1-h and 2-h PG, but not FPG, were associated with child IGT. All associations were independent of maternal and child BMI. Across increasing categories of maternal glucose, frequencies of child IFG and IGT, and timed PG measures and A1C were higher, whereas insulin sensitivity and disposition index decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Across the maternal glucose spectrum, exposure to higher levels in utero is significantly associated with childhood glucose and insulin resistance independent of maternal and childhood BMI and family history of diabetes.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal 1-h and 2-h PG were positively associated with child fasting, 30 min, 1-h, and 2-h PG, and A1C.”
- Also stated in: § Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes · plain
“Maternal 1-h and 2-h PG during the pregnancy OGTT and maternal sum of glucose z scores were positively associated with all child glucose measures and A1C in all models”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was positively associated with child FPG and A1C”
- Also stated in: § Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes · plain
“Maternal FPG was positively associated with child FPG, 30-min PG, the sum of glucose z scores, and A1C.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal sum of glucose z scores was inversely associated with child insulinogenic index only after adjusting for maternal BMI alone or together with child BMI z score (models 2 and 4).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although interaction terms between maternal glucose levels and Tanner stage were not statistically significant”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal FPG, 1-h, and 2-h PG were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity, whereas 1-h and 2-h PG were inversely associated with disposition index.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal FPG, 1-h, and 2-h PG were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity, whereas 1-h and 2-h PG were inversely associated with disposition index.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Means of child fasting, 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h PG, A1C, and the sum of glucose z scores were generally higher across increasing categories of maternal fasting, 1-h, and 2-h PG during pregnancy.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Categorical Maternal Glycemia and Child Glucose Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across increasing categories of maternal glucose, frequencies of child IFG and IGT, and timed PG measures and A1C were higher, whereas insulin sensitivity and disposition index decreased.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal FPG, but not 1-h or 2-h PG, was associated with child IFG, and maternal 1-h and 2-h PG, but not FPG, were associated with child IGT.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal FPG, but not 1-h or 2-h PG, was associated with child IFG, and maternal 1-h and 2-h PG, but not FPG, were associated with child IGT.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adjusting for maternal BMI or child BMI z score in models 2–4 attenuated associations with the Matsuda index, but all associations remained significant.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither maternal 1-h nor 2-h PG was associated with child IFG.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Dichotomous Child Glucose Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“exploratory analyses within the Tanner stage suggested some associations may be strongest after onset of puberty (Supplementary Table 3).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding child insulin resistance, continuous maternal FPG, 1-h and 2-h PG, and the sum of glucose z scores were inversely associated with child Matsuda index (i.e., associated with greater insulin resistance) (Table 1).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Continuous Child Glucose Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but exploratory analyses within Tanner stage again suggested associations may be strongest for IGT after onset of puberty (Supplementary Table 4).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Dichotomous Child Glucose Outcomes
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal FPG and maternal sum of glucose z scores during pregnancy were associated with child IFG.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Continuous Maternal Glycemia and Dichotomous Child Glucose Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean age and frequency of GDM were 30.0 years and 14.9% and 29.1 years and 16.9% in mothers of children who did and did not participate, respectively.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal FPG, but not 1-h or 2-h PG, was associated with child IFG, and maternal 1-h and 2-h PG, but not FPG, were associated with child IGT.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Abstract > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean BMI, FPG, 1-h, and 2-h PG during the HAPO OGTT and race/ethnicity were similar between groups.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, adjustment for maternal BMI and/or child BMI z score did not attenuate associations of maternal glucose levels with child glucose outcomes, except for insulin sensitivity, although this association also remained significant after adjustment.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Class C included 3.2% (132 of 4,160) of HAPO OGTTs with high 1-h PG and marked decline at 2-h.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Maternal OGTT Glucose Trajectories and Childhood Glucose Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses indicated best fit of quadratic trajectories adjusted for maternal BMI at OGTT with three estimated latent classes (Fig. 3).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Maternal OGTT Glucose Trajectories and Childhood Glucose Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second class, class B, included 9.0% (376 of 4,160) of HAPO OGTTs with high 1-h and 2-h PG values.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Maternal OGTT Glucose Trajectories and Childhood Glucose Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the current study demonstrates that maternal glucose levels during pregnancy across the spectrum are associated with higher glucose levels and insulin resistance during childhood independent of maternal and child BMI and family history of diabetes and that this relationship is continuous.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This included a positive relationship of maternal FPG and the sum of glucose z scores during the pregnancy OGTT with child FPG and IFG”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequency of child IGT was higher across increasing categories of maternal glucose, consistent with the linear associations confirmed in logistic regression models (Fig. 2).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Categorical Maternal Glycemia and Child Glucose Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For maternal 2-h PG, the middle three categories were significantly different from the lowest reference category with similar odds ratios (ORs).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Associations Between Categorical Maternal Glycemia and Child Glucose Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We recently demonstrated an inverse association of GDM, using IADPSG criteria, with insulin sensitivity and the disposition index and positive association with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in HAPO FUS children at ages 10–14 years (11).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Lowe, 2019, HAPO Follow-up Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and childhood glucose metabolism, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The recruitment target was 7,000 pairs, based on the primary childhood outcome of overweight/obesity (14).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Lowe, 2018, Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity, JAMA source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Colinearity was not a concern, with pairwise correlations ranging from 0 to 0.20 for model covariates.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Model Diagnostics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hosmer-Lemeshow P values for logistic regression models ranged 0.53–0.96 for all outcomes, indicating reasonable model fit.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Model Diagnostics
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DFBETA statistics indicated no observations of undue influence.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Model Diagnostics
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean CVs were 2.8% for fasting, 2.9% for 30-min, 3.0% for 1-h, and 3.2% for 2-h C-peptide.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods > Laboratory Measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Residual plots indicated reasonable linearity. Confirming this, P values for quadratic terms and restricted cubic splines ranged 0.05–0.99, indicating no significant departure from linearity for all analyses.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Model Diagnostics
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinded participants were untreated.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinded duplicate samples were assayed several weeks apart.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods > Laboratory Measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“OGTT results remained blinded to caregivers and participants unless FPG >5.8 mmol/L and/or 2-h PG >11.1 mmol/L, either was <2.5 mmol/L, or random PG at 34–37 weeks of gestation was ≥8.9 mmol/L (12).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Metzger, 2008, Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, N Engl J Med source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 427Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“C statistics for logistic regression models ranged 0.69–0.78, and R2 values ranged 0.05–0.39 for linear models.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Model Diagnostics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mean CV was 1.5% for fasting, 1-h, and 2-h PG, 1.3% for 30-min PG, and 3.1% for A1C.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods > Laboratory Measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the study was not powered to evaluate Tanner stage–specific associations, interaction terms between maternal glucose measures and Tanner stage were evaluated to explore potential variability in associations according to pubertal status.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using these criteria, the results of 427 participants (1.8%) were unblinded based on FPG and/or 2-h PG.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Research Design and Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 427Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The long-term type 2 diabetes risk associated with a pattern similar to class C and risk for child IGT with high 1-h PG observed in the current study demonstrate the importance of the maternal 1-h glucose level separate from other values and provide a rationale for its inclusion during the pregnancy OGTT.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the HAPO and HAPO FUS cohorts included participants from multiple races and ethnicities around the world, making the results broadly applicable.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, paternal BMI data were not available, and paternal diabetes data were limited to family history.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A second study of nonpregnant adults showed that those with a curve similar to class C had a higher risk of future type 2 diabetes compared with those with a curve similar to class A (40), whereas those with a curve similar to class B had an even higher risk of type 2 diabetes as well as future cardiovascular disease.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Hulman, 2018, Glucose patterns during an oral glucose tolerance test and associations with future diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality rate, Diabetologia source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the CIs for classes B and C relative to class A overlapped, OR estimates indicated a possible trend of higher risk of IGT for children with maternal pregnancy OGTT trajectories in class C.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Results > Maternal OGTT Glucose Trajectories and Childhood Glucose Outcomes
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, HAPO was a blinded observational study in which both caregivers and mothers were not aware of maternal glucose levels, and thus, child outcomes were not confounded by treatment of maternal hyperglycemia.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the study was not powered to examine Tanner stage–specific associations.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Individuals with a curve similar to class B were most insulin resistant and had impaired insulin secretion.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Hulman, 2018, Pathophysiological characteristics underlying different glucose response curves: a latent class trajectory analysis from the prospective EGIR-RISC study, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants missing a 2-h PG value who had a normal FPG were defined as normal; thus, the number of individuals with IGT may have been underestimated.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants missing a 2-h plasma glucose value who had normal fasting plasma glucose are normal with respect to IGT status.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Child adiposity, which is partly dependent on maternal adiposity (28,29), affects insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism (30).”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Philipps, 2011, The diabetic pregnancy and offspring BMI in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetologia source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Zhao, 2016, Maternal gestational diabetes and childhood obesity at age 9-11: results of a multinational study, Diabetologia source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Weiss, 2008, Metabolic complications of childhood obesity: identifying and mitigating the risk, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with curves similar to class C had lower first-phase insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity but greater insulin secretion overall.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Hulman, 2018, Pathophysiological characteristics underlying different glucose response curves: a latent class trajectory analysis from the prospective EGIR-RISC study, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This subgroup (1.8% of the HAPO cohort) would likely include children at highest risk of altered glucose metabolism.”
§ Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism > Conclusions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship between maternal glucose levels across the spectrum and childhood glucose metabolism was not known before this study.
“However, the relationship between maternal glucose levels across the spectrum of glucose values and childhood glucose metabolism is not known.”
“Whether similar relationships exist between maternal glucose levels during pregnancy across the continuum and childhood metabolic outcomes is unknown.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Missing Tanner stage data were missing at random.
“A “missing at random” assumption was used after confirming findings varied little under “missing not at random” (14).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants missing a 2-h plasma glucose value who had normal fasting plasma glucose are normal with respect to IGT status.
“Participants missing a 2-h PG value who had a normal FPG were defined as normal; thus, the number of individuals with IGT may have been underestimated.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with obesity parameters, offspring glucose levels from the 75 g OGTT and glycosylated hemoglobin were linearly associated with maternal glucose levels during pregnancy independent of maternal and child BMI [34,35].”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“GDM is characterized by an increased risk of large-for-gestational-age birth weight and neonatal and pregnancy complications and an increased risk of long-term maternal type 2 diabetes and abnormal glucose metabolism of offspring in childhood.”
From 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Post hoc GDM in individuals diagnosed with this method in the HAPO cohort was associated with higher prevalence of IGT; higher 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h glucose levels during the OGTT; and reduced insulin sensitivity and oral disposition index in their offspring at 10-14 years of age compared with offspring of mothers without GDM.”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [199]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Associations of mother's fasting, 1-h, and 2-h values on the 75-g OGTT were continuous with a comprehensive panel of offspring metabolic outcomes (198,199).”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [199]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Findings revealed persistent metabolic consequences of maternal hyperglycemia on long-term offspring glucose homeostasis, notably extending to glycemic levels below current GDM diagnostic thresholds.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Conversely, maternal glucose elevation demonstrated inverse associations with offspring insulin sensitivity and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices at 14 years, with these relationships persisting after statistical adjustment for maternal body mass index, offspring BMI, and familial diabetes predisposition.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, recent evidence shows that there is increased glucose-linked hypothalamic activation in offspring who were previously exposed to maternal obesity and GDM in utero, which represents one possible mechanism for this increased childhood obesity risk [31,32,60,61].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These associations with maternal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results are continuous with no clear inflection points (39,56).”
From 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Associations of mother ' s fasting, 1h, and 2-h values on the 75-g OGTT were continuous with a comprehensive panel of offspring metabolic outcomes (216, 217).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [217]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A dose-dependent relationship emerged between maternal antenatal glycemia and offspring metabolic parameters across the continuum of glucose concentrations.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [61]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Maternal glycemic dysregulation correlated with increased prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, glucose intolerance, elevated glycated hemoglobin, and pediatric obesity in adolescent offspring.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [61]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Significant insulinogenic result has an interval crossing zero
MajorFor the model 4 maternal glucose-sum result, the reported P value is below 0.05, but its 95% confidence interval includes zero. These disagree on significance for the same estimate.
“−0.011 (−0.021 to 0.0012)”
“P = 0.031, R2 = 0.08”
Maternal 1-hour Matsuda estimate falls outside its reported interval
MinorThe model 2 interval endpoints have a midpoint of 22.4, whereas the reported coefficient is −67.1. That coefficient is outside the interval even if the endpoints are reordered.
Reported -67.1 · recomputed 22.4
“−67.1 (89.5 to −44.7) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24”
Narrative omits a significant model 2 insulinogenic association
MinorThe text says the maternal 2-hour glucose association with the insulinogenic index appears only in models 3 and 4, but Table 1 also reports a significant model 2 result (P = 0.046).
“maternal 2-h PG was inversely associated with the insulinogenic index after adjusting for child BMI z score alone or together with maternal BMI (models 3 and 4).”
“−0.024 (−0.048 to −0.0059) P = 0.046, R2 = 0.06”
Glucose-sum insulinogenic estimate falls outside its interval
MinorThe model 3 coefficient is −0.089, outside its reported interval of −0.019 to 0.0012. The interval's midpoint is −0.0089.
Reported -0.089 · recomputed -0.0089
“−0.089 (−0.019 to 0.0012) P = 0.081, R2 = 0.08”
Maternal 1-hour insulinogenic estimate is inconsistent with its interval
MinorThe model 1 confidence interval is centered at −0.295, far from its reported coefficient of −0.034.
Reported -0.034 · recomputed -0.295
“−0.034 (−0.58 to −0.01) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.05”
Glucose-sum disposition interval has reversed bounds
MinorThe model 1 interval runs from −0.03 to −0.2, placing its reported coefficient of −0.02 outside both endpoints. Its endpoints also have a midpoint of −0.115.
Reported -0.02 · recomputed -0.115
“−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.2) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08”
Citations
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Cited by
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Metadata
- Authors
- Scholtens, D. M., Kuang, A., Lowe, L. P., Hamilton, J., Lawrence, J. M., Lebenthal, Y., Brickman, W. J., Clayton, P., Ma, R. C., McCance, D., Tam, W. H., Catalano, P. M., Linder, B., Dyer, A. R., Lowe, W. L., Metzger, B. E., HAPO Follow-Up Study Cooperative Research Group, Deerochanawong, C., Tanaphonpoonsuk, T., Chotigeat, S. B. U., Manyam, W., Forde, M., Greenidge, A., Neblett, K., Lashley, P. M., Walcott, D., Corry, K., Francis, L., Irwin, J.-A., Langan, A., McCance, D. R., Mousavi, M., Young, I., Gutierrez, J., Jimenez, J., Lawrence, J. M., Sacks, D. A., Takhar, H. S., Tanton, E., Brickman, W. J., Howard, J., Josefson, J. L., Miller, L., Bjaloncik, J., Catalano, P. M., Davis, A., Koontz, M., Presley, L., Smith, S., Tyhulski, A., Li, A. M., Ma, R. C., Ozaki, R., Tam, W. H., Wong, M., Yuen, C. S. M., Clayton, P. E., Khan, A., Vyas, A., Maresh, M., Benzaquen, H., Glickman, N., Hamou, A., Hermon, O., Horesh, O., Keren, Y., Lebenthal, Y., Shalitin, S., Cordeiro, K., Hamilton, J., Nguyen, H. Y., Steele, S., Chen, F., Dyer, A. R., Huang, W., Kuang, A., Jimenez, M., Lowe, L. P., Lowe, W. L., Metzger, B. E., Nodzenski, M., Reisetter, A., Scholtens, D., Talbot, O., Yim, P., Dunger, D., Thomas, A., Horlick, M., Linder, B., Unalp-Arida, A., & Grave, G.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Healthy Sciences Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, U.K.
- Royal Victoria Hospital (GB)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- ORCID
- McCance, David
- Deerochanawong, Chaicharn
- Lashley, Paula Michele
- Langan, Anne
- Young, Ian
- Sacks, David A.
- Takhar, Harpreet S.
- Josefson, Jami L.
- Miller, Lauren
- Li, Albert Martin
- Ozaki, Risa
- Khan, Aysha
- Vyas, Avni
- Maresh, Michael
- Shalitin, Shlomit
- Cordeiro, Kristina
- Chen, Fei
- Huang, Wenyu
- Nodzenski, Michael
- Reisetter, Anna
- Talbot, Octavious
- Dunger, David
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2019-01-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 381-392
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC6385697
- OpenAlex
- W2908159319
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22
- FWCI
- 37.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0513-10012)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001422, UL1TR002548)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK094830)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD034242, R01HD034243)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- maternal glycemia, hyperglycemia in pregnancy, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, disposition index, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, prenatal exposure, offspring diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Prediabetic State, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy in Diabetics, Pregnancy Outcome, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Cohort Studies, Child of Impaired Parents, Glucose Intolerance
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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