Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study (HAPO FUS): maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and childhood glucose metabolism
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Whether hyperglycemia in utero less than overt diabetes is associated with altered childhood glucose metabolism is unknown. We examined associations of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) not confounded by treatment with childhood glycemia in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: HAPO Follow-up Study (FUS) included 4,160 children ages 10–14 years who completed all or part of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and whose mothers had a 75-g OGTT at ∼28 weeks of gestation with blinded glucose values. The primary predictor was GDM by World Health Organization criteria. Child outcomes were impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes. Additional measures included insulin sensitivity and secretion and oral disposition index. RESULTS: For mothers with GDM, 10.6% of children had IGT compared with 5.0% of children of mothers without GDM; IFG frequencies were 9.2% and 7.4%, respectively. Type 2 diabetes cases were too few for analysis. Odds ratios (95% CI) adjusted for family history of diabetes, maternal BMI, and child BMI z score were 1.09 (0.78–1.52) for IFG and 1.96 (1.41–2.73) for IGT. GDM was positively associated with child’s 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h but not fasting glucose and inversely associated with insulin sensitivity and oral disposition index (adjusted mean difference −76.3 [95% CI −130.3 to −22.4] and −0.12 [−0.17 to −0.064]), respectively, but not insulinogenic index. CONCLUSIONS: Offspring exposed to untreated GDM in utero are insulin resistant with limited β-cell compensation compared with offspring of mothers without GDM. GDM is significantly and independently associated with childhood IGT.
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The higher rate of gestational diabetes diagnosis with the one-step approach can increase resource use for maternal treatment and fetal monitoring.
“The higher diagnosis of GDM in the one-step approach can lead to more resource utilization for subsequent maternal treatment and fetal monitoring.55,59,66”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) say the one-abnormal-value IADPSG/WHO criteria identify a larger group of mothers with GDM than the Carpenter-Coustan criteria. The paper does not address whether this leads to greater resource use for maternal treatment or fetal monitoring; its reported outcomes concern childhood glucose metabolism. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOffspring glucose levels from the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and glycosylated hemoglobin were linearly associated with maternal glucose levels during pregnancy independent of maternal and child BMI.
“Consistent with obesity parameters, offspring glucose levels from the 75 g OGTT and glycosylated hemoglobin were linearly associated with maternal glucose levels during pregnancy independent of maternal and child BMI [34,35].”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
The Results section, “Association of Maternal GDM Status With Childhood Glucose Levels” (page unavailable), reports higher offspring 30-minute, 1-hour, and 2-hour OGTT glucose among children of mothers with gestational diabetes; adjustment for maternal and child BMI had little effect. It does not establish a linear association with maternal glucose levels measured continuously or report the claimed association for offspring glycosylated hemoglobin. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe HAPO Follow Up Study results clearly demonstrate that maternal glycemia is associated with immediate and long-term adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring.
“The results clearly demonstrate that maternal glycemia is associated with immediate and long-term adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring.”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [269]
The Conclusions report that maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of impaired glucose tolerance in offspring at ages 10–14. They also mention a higher later risk of type 2 diabetes in mothers with GDM, but this study does not demonstrate immediate adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring. The claim therefore extends beyond what its results establish. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe HAPO FUS documented in both groups that risk of disorders of glucose metabolism at follow-up were associated with GDM and continuously with maternal glucose concentrations.
“The HAPO FUS documented in both groups that risk of disorders of glucose metabolism at follow-up were associated with GDM and continuously with maternal glucose concentrations (268,269).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [269]
The Results (Association of Maternal GDM Status With Childhood Dichotomous Glucose Outcomes; page unavailable) report that maternal GDM was associated with impaired glucose tolerance in offspring aged 10–14, but not with impaired fasting glucose; type 2 diabetes cases were too few to analyze. This paper examines children, not outcomes in both mothers and children, and the passages found do not establish a continuous association between maternal glucose concentrations and follow-up disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAssociations of mother's fasting, 1-h, and 2-h values on the 75-g OGTT were continuous with a comprehensive panel of offspring metabolic outcomes.
“Associations of mother ' s fasting, 1h, and 2-h values on the 75-g OGTT were continuous with a comprehensive panel of offspring metabolic outcomes (216, 217).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [216]
The Methods (Outcomes and Predictors; page unavailable) identify maternal GDM status—not continuous fasting, 1-h, and 2-h OGTT values—as the primary predictor. The Results (Association of Maternal GDM Status With Childhood Glucose Levels; page unavailable) report associations with several offspring glucose outcomes, but not fasting glucose. Thus the paper supports associations with some offspring metabolic outcomes, not the claimed continuous associations across a comprehensive panel. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Associations of mother's fasting, 1-h, and 2-h values on the 75-g OGTT were continuous with a comprehensive panel of offspring metabolic outcomes.
“Associations of mother's fasting, 1-h, and 2-h values on the 75-g OGTT were continuous with a comprehensive panel of offspring metabolic outcomes (198,199).”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [198]
The Results section ('Association of Maternal GDM Status With Childhood Glucose Levels'; page unavailable) reports associations between maternal GDM status and several offspring glucose outcomes, but not offspring fasting glucose. The Methods ('Outcomes and Predictors'; page unavailable) define the maternal predictor as GDM status based on fasting, 1-h, or 2-h OGTT thresholds. This paper does not establish continuous associations for each maternal OGTT value across a comprehensive panel of offspring metabolic outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA dose-dependent relationship exists between maternal antenatal glycemia and offspring metabolic parameters across the continuum of glucose concentrations.
“A dose-dependent relationship emerged between maternal antenatal glycemia and offspring metabolic parameters across the continuum of glucose concentrations.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
The Results sections on childhood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity report associations between maternal GDM status and several offspring metabolic measures. They compare children of mothers with and without GDM; they do not establish a dose-dependent relationship across the continuum of maternal glucose concentrations. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHAPO-FUS found persistent metabolic consequences of maternal hyperglycemia on long-term offspring glucose homeostasis, extending to glycemic levels below current GDM diagnostic thresholds.
“Findings revealed persistent metabolic consequences of maternal hyperglycemia on long-term offspring glucose homeostasis, notably extending to glycemic levels below current GDM diagnostic thresholds.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
The Results section (page unavailable) reports associations between maternal GDM and altered glucose metabolism in offspring aged 10–14, including when mothers met IADPSG/WHO criteria but not the older Carpenter-Coustan criteria. It does not establish an effect below the IADPSG/WHO GDM diagnostic thresholds, and its observational associations do not establish that maternal hyperglycemia caused the changes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMaternal glycemic dysregulation correlates with increased prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, glucose intolerance, elevated glycated hemoglobin, and pediatric obesity in adolescent offspring.
“Maternal glycemic dysregulation correlated with increased prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, glucose intolerance, elevated glycated hemoglobin, and pediatric obesity in adolescent offspring.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
The Results (Participants; Association of Maternal GDM Status With Childhood Dichotomous Glucose Outcomes) show higher impaired glucose tolerance among offspring of mothers with GDM, and the Conclusions report an association with offspring obesity in the HAPO FUS cohort. But the Results explicitly find no association with a higher risk of impaired fasting glucose, and the searched passages do not report elevated glycated hemoglobin. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased glucose-linked hypothalamic activation in offspring exposed to maternal obesity and GDM in utero is one possible mechanism for increased childhood obesity risk.
“Furthermore, recent evidence shows that there is increased glucose-linked hypothalamic activation in offspring who were previously exposed to maternal obesity and GDM in utero, which represents one possible mechanism for this increased childhood obesity risk [31,32,60,61].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) state that GDM was associated with offspring obesity and adiposity in the HAPO FUS cohort. But our copy does not report glucose-linked hypothalamic activation or identify it as a mechanism for childhood obesity risk; searches for hypothalamic activation and neural response to glucose found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMaternal glucose elevation has inverse associations with offspring insulin sensitivity and HOMA indices at 14 years, persisting after adjustment for maternal BMI, offspring BMI, and familial diabetes predisposition.
“Conversely, maternal glucose elevation demonstrated inverse associations with offspring insulin sensitivity and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices at 14 years, with these relationships persisting after statistical adjustment for maternal body mass index, offspring BMI, and familial diabetes predisposition.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
The Results section reports inverse associations of maternal gestational diabetes with offspring insulin sensitivity and the oral disposition index after adjustment for maternal BMI, child BMI and first-degree family history of diabetes. But the study measured Matsuda, insulinogenic and disposition indices—not HOMA indices—and the children’s mean age at follow-up was 11.4 years, not 14 (Methods, Outcomes and Predictors; Results, Participants). The insulinogenic-index association was not significant. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn utero exposure to hyperglycaemia is associated with long term cardiometabolic risks in the baby, including diabetes and obesity.
“In utero exposure to hyperglycaemia is also associated with long term cardiometabolic risks in the baby, including diabetes and obesity. 8 , 9 , 10”
From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( <scp>ADIPS</scp> ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
The Conclusions (page not supplied) report an association between maternal gestational diabetes and offspring obesity and adiposity, as well as a higher risk of impaired glucose tolerance in childhood. The Results report type 2 diabetes in 0.3% of exposed children versus 0.2% of unexposed children; the paper does not establish an increased risk of diabetes itself. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn utero exposure to hyperglycaemia is associated with long term cardiometabolic risks in the baby, including diabetes and obesity.
“In utero exposure to hyperglycaemia is also associated with long term cardiometabolic risks in the baby, including diabetes and obesity. 8 , 9 , 10”
From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( <scp>ADIPS</scp> ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
The Conclusions (page not provided) report an association between maternal gestational diabetes and offspring obesity, and this study finds a higher risk of impaired glucose tolerance in childhood. They do not establish a higher risk of diagnosed diabetes in the offspring; the paper describes progression from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes as a risk. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRaising the POGTT diagnostic thresholds at 24-28 weeks' gestation means that women (and their offspring) at risk of adverse perinatal and long term cardiometabolic outcomes previously diagnosed at HAPO OR 1.75 thresholds will no longer be identified as having gestational diabetes mellitus.
“However, raising the POGTT diagnostic thresholds at 24–28 weeks’ gestation means that women (and their offspring) at risk of adverse perinatal and long term cardiometabolic outcomes previously diagnosed at HAPO OR 1.75 thresholds 3 , 8 , 10 will no longer be identified as having gestational diabetes mellitus.”
From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( <scp>ADIPS</scp> ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
The Introduction (page not provided) reports that maternal glucose levels were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The Conclusions and exploratory Results (page not provided) show that the lower IADPSG/WHO thresholds identify additional women whose offspring have elevated risk of impaired glucose tolerance at ages 10–14. The paper does not assess maternal long-term cardiometabolic outcomes or directly test the consequences of raising diagnostic thresholds. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRaising the POGTT diagnostic thresholds at 24-28 weeks' gestation means that women (and their offspring) at risk of adverse perinatal and long term cardiometabolic outcomes previously diagnosed at HAPO OR 1.75 thresholds will no longer be identified as having gestational diabetes mellitus.
“However, raising the POGTT diagnostic thresholds at 24–28 weeks’ gestation means that women (and their offspring) at risk of adverse perinatal and long term cardiometabolic outcomes previously diagnosed at HAPO OR 1.75 thresholds 3 , 8 , 10 will no longer be identified as having gestational diabetes mellitus.”
From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( <scp>ADIPS</scp> ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe International Association for Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria lead to higher percentages of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes.
“The International Association for Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria result in overall higher percentages of women diagnosed with GDM.”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
Offspring with exposure to untreated GDM have reduced insulin sensitivity and b-cell compensation and are more likely to have impaired glucose tolerance in childhood.
“Offspring with exposure to untreated GDM have reduced insulin sensitivity and b-cell compensation and are more likely to have impaired glucose tolerance in childhood (57).”
From 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
Post hoc GDM in individuals diagnosed with the one-step method in the HAPO cohort was associated with higher prevalence of IGT; higher 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h glucose levels during the OGTT; and reduced insulin sensitivity and oral disposition index in their offspring at 10-14 years of age compared with offspring of mothers without GDM.
“Post hoc GDM in individuals diagnosed with this method in the HAPO cohort was associated with higher prevalence of IGT; higher 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h glucose levels during the OGTT; and reduced insulin sensitivity and oral disposition index in their offspring at 10-14 years of age compared with offspring of mothers without GDM.”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [198]
GDM increases the child's susceptibility to developing obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in the future.
“The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study 1 and subsequently follow‐up studies 2 , 3 , 4 have reported that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with various adverse pregnancy outcomes, which increases the mother's susceptibility to developing type 2 diabetes, and the child's susceptibility to developing obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in the future 3 , 4 , 5”
From Clinical challenges in early pregnancy in Japan: An update on gestational diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
GDM increases the mother's susceptibility to developing type 2 diabetes.
“The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study 1 and subsequently follow‐up studies 2 , 3 , 4 have reported that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with various adverse pregnancy outcomes, which increases the mother's susceptibility to developing type 2 diabetes, and the child's susceptibility to developing obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in the future 3 , 4 , 5”
From Clinical challenges in early pregnancy in Japan: An update on gestational diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
Universal screening for gestational diabetes is recommended because selective screening would miss many cases and universal screening is cost-effective.
“Universal screening is recommended, as selective screening (only in women with risk factors) would miss a significant number of women with GDM and universal screening has been shown to be cost-effective compared with selective screening.”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The Conclusions discuss childhood glucose outcomes after maternal GDM, not whether universal screening is recommended. Searches of our copy for selective screening, missed cases, and cost-effectiveness found no passage addressing those claims. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUniversal screening for gestational diabetes is cost-effective compared with selective screening.
“Universal screening is recommended, as selective screening (only in women with risk factors) would miss a significant number of women with GDM and universal screening has been shown to be cost-effective compared with selective screening.9,50–55”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The Results and Conclusions discuss maternal GDM criteria and childhood glucose outcomes, not the costs of screening. Searches for universal versus selective screening and cost-effectiveness found no passage in our copy comparing them. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSelective screening based only on risk factors would miss a significant number of women with gestational diabetes.
“Universal screening is recommended, as selective screening (only in women with risk factors) would miss a significant number of women with GDM and universal screening has been shown to be cost-effective compared with selective screening.9,50–55”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The Research Design and Methods section says women in HAPO underwent glucose tolerance testing, but it does not compare universal screening with risk-factor-based screening. The Conclusions address childhood glucose outcomes rather than how many GDM cases selective screening would miss. Searches for selective screening, risk factors, and screening found no passage establishing the attributed claim; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOffspring exposed in utero to untreated IADPSG GDM are insulin resistant with limited beta cell compensation compared with offspring of mothers without GDM.
“Measurements of insulin sensitivity and oral disposition demonstrated that offspring exposed to untreated IADPSG GDM in utero are insulin resistant with limited beta cell compensation compared with offspring of mothers without GDM.”
From One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better? (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
Rates of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose were 10.6% and 9.2% in offspring of IADPSG GDM mothers versus 5.0% and 7.4% in offspring of non-GDM mothers.
“Rates of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose were 10.6% and 9.2% in offspring of IADPSG GDMs vs 5.0% and 7.4% in offspring of non-GDMs”
From One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better? (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
Adjusted odds ratios were 1.96 (95% CI, 1.41-2.73) for impaired glucose tolerance and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.78-1.52) for impaired fasting glucose.
“adjusted odds ratios were 1.96 (CI, 1.41e2.73)and 1.09 (CI, 0.78e1.52),respectively.”
From One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better? (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
Prior animal and human studies have shown that intrauterine exposure to maternal preexisting diabetes or gestational diabetes is associated with higher risk for altered offspring glucose metabolism.
“animal and human studies have shown that intrauterine exposure to maternal preexisting diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with higher risk for altered offspring glucose metabolism (7–11).”
From Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
A prior HAPO FUS analysis demonstrated an inverse association of gestational diabetes by IADPSG criteria with insulin sensitivity and disposition index and a positive association with impaired glucose tolerance in children ages 10-14 years.
“We recently demonstrated an inverse association of GDM, using IADPSG criteria, with insulin sensitivity and the disposition index and positive association with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in HAPO FUS children at ages 10–14 years (11).”
From Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Lowe, W. L., Scholtens, D. M., Kuang, A., Linder, B., Lawrence, J. M., Lebenthal, Y., McCance, D., Hamilton, J., Nodzenski, M., Talbot, O., Brickman, W. J., Clayton, P., Ma, R. C., Tam, W. H., Dyer, A. R., Catalano, P. M., Lowe, L. P., Metzger, B. E., HAPO Follow-up Study Cooperative Research Group, Deerochanawong, C., Tanaphonpoonsuk, T., Chotigeat, S. B. U., Manyam, W., Forde, M., Greenidge, A., Neblett, K., Lashley, P. M., Walcott, D., Corry, K., Francis, L., Irwin, J.-A., Langan, A., McCance, D. R., Mousavi, M., Young, I., Gutierrez, J., Jimenez, J., Lawrence, J. M., Sacks, D. A., Takhar, H. S., Tanton, E., Brickman, W. J., Howard, J., Josefson, J. L., Miller, L., Bjaloncik, J., Catalano, P. M., Davis, A., Koontz, M., Presley, L., Smith, S., Tyhulski, A., Li, A. M., Ma, R. C., Ozaki, R., Tam, W. H., Wong, M., Yuen, C. S. M., Clayton, P. E., Khan, A., Vyas, A., Maresh, M., Benzaquen, H., Glickman, N., Hamou, A., Hermon, O., Horesh, O., Keren, Y., Lebenthal, Y., Shalitin, S., Cordeiro, K., Hamilton, J., Nguyen, H. Y., Steele, S., Chen, F., Dyer, A. R., Huang, W., Kuang, A., Jimenez, M., Lowe, L. P., Lowe, W. L., Metzger, B. E., Nodzenski, M., Reisetter, A., Scholtens, D., Talbot, O., Yim, P., Dunger, D., Thomas, A., Horlick, M., Linder, B., Unalp-Arida, A., & Grave, G.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, U.K.
- Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Healthy Sciences Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2019-01-17
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 372-380
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC6385693
- OpenAlex
- W2910413249
- Semantic Scholar
- 0e85ef4750638fcff236e574ff240ce018f79007
- Cited by
- 574
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 22
- FWCI
- 72.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1U01-DK-094830)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, beta-cell compensation, oral disposition index, insulin sensitivity, insulinogenic index, maternal hyperglycemia, offspring of diabetic mothers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Male, Prediabetic State, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Diabetes, Gestational, Glucose Intolerance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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