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Leptin restores euglycemia and normalizes glucose turnover in insulin-deficient diabetes in the rat.
Abstract
Leptin has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in normoinsulinemic healthy or obese rodents. It has not been determined whether leptin may act independently of insulin in regulating energy metabolism in vivo. The present study was designed to examine the effects of leptin treatment alone on glucose metabolism in insulin-deficient streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Four groups of STZ-induced diabetic rats were studied: 1) rats treated with recombinant methionine murine leptin subcutaneous infusion with osmotic pumps for 12-14 days (LEP; 4 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1), n = 10); 2) control rats infused with vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) for 12-14 days (VEH; n = 10); 3) pair-fed control rats given a daily food ration matching that of LEP rats for 12-14 days (PF; n = 8); and 4) rats treated with subcutaneous phloridzin for 4 days (PLZ; 0.4 g/kg twice daily, n = 10). Phloridzin treatment normalizes blood glucose without insulin and was used as a control for the effect of leptin in correcting hyperglycemia. All animals were then studied with a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (6 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1). Our study demonstrates that leptin treatment in the insulin-deficient diabetic rats restored euglycemia, minimized body weight loss due to food restriction, substantially improved glucose metabolic rates during the postabsorptive state, and restored insulin sensitivities at the levels of the liver and the peripheral tissues during the glucose clamp. The effects on glucose turnover are largely independent of food restriction and changes in blood glucose concentration, as evidenced by the minimal improvement of insulin action and glucose turnover parameters in the PF and PLZ groups. Our results suggest that the antidiabetic effects of leptin are achieved through both an insulin-independent and an insulin-sensitizing mechanism.
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“hyperleptinemia induced by either pharmacological leptin administration (34) or with adenoviral gene therapy (210) fully ameliorates hyperglycemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats, even in the face of extremely low plasma insulin levels.”
From Leptin and the Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Metabolism (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“recent evidence suggests that pharmacological administration of leptin systemically (3,4) can also normalize blood glucose levels in rodent models of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (uDM).”
From Leptin Activates a Novel CNS Mechanism for Insulin-Independent Normalization of Severe Diabetic Hyperglycemia (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
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“…2001, 2004; Holland et al., 2011), coupled with the discovery of leptin just 1 year prior (Zhang et al., 1994) and its insulin-sensitizing actions (Chinookoswong et al., 1999; Pelleymounter et al., 1995; Shimomura et al., 1999), provided the diabetes and obesity fields with promising therapeutic…”
BackgroundLeptin in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology
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“Interestingly, hyperleptinemia induced by either pharmacological leptin administration (34) or with adenoviral gene therapy (210) fully ameliorates hyperglycemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats, even in the face of extremely low plasma insulin levels.”
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“The ability of leptin to potentiate insulin in diabetes has been previously shown (25, 26).”
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“Finally, leptin enhances insulin action in several murine models of diabetes (10, 22, 23), and DGAT1 deficiency appears to increase activation of the leptin pathway.”
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Coppari, R., & Bjørbæk, C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3757 · Cited by 308
Antidiabetic Effects of IGFBP2, a Leptin-Regulated Gene
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“Subcutaneous infusion of leptin restored euglycemia and normalized peripheral insulin sensitivity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic animals (267, 272).”
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“models of insulin-deficient diabetes (96,97).”
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“In support of the latter concept, high-dose leptin infusions in insulin-depleted and insulin-resistant streptozotocin rats prevented weight loss, normalized fasting glucose, and increased whole body glucose utilization during a hyperinsulinemic clamp (46).”
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Asilmaz, E., Cohen, P., Miyazaki, M., Dobrzyn, P., Ueki, K., Fayzikhodjaeva, G., Soukas, A. A., Kahn, C. R., Ntambi, J. M., Socci, N. D., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200419511 · Cited by 210
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Leptin reverses diabetes by suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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“tion of leptin systemically (3, 4) can also normalize blood”
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“, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice), while other studies have employed pharmacological doses of leptin (1-6).”
BackgroundInfluentialCentral nervous system regulation of organismal energy and glucose homeostasis
Myers, M. G., Affinati, A. H., Richardson, N. E., & Schwartz, M. W. (2021) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-021-00408-5 · Cited by 165
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The role of leptin in glucose homeostasis
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“Exogenous leptin can improve insulin sensitivity in rats with STZ-induced diabetes (4,15,16).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCentral leptin increases insulin sensitivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Lin, C.-Y., Higginbotham, D. A., Judd, R. L., & White, B. D. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2001 · Cited by 124
“In this study, as expected, diabetic rats lost weight even though they were hyperphagic, consistent with previous studies (6, 16, 17, 34, 35).”
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“Recent evidence suggests that leptin also has glucoselowering effects in uDM [16, 17], another model of acquired leptin deficiency [18].”
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“High-dose systemic administration of leptin improves hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats ( 14 ).”
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“Several lines of evidence in both cell culture and animal models suggest a complex interplay between insulin and leptin signaling in the periphery [21,26,27].”
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Peelman, F., Waelput, W., Iserentant, H., Lavens, D., Eyckerman, S., Zabeau, L., & Tavernier, J. H. (2004) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2004.03.001 · Cited by 108
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“Hyperinsulinemia—Although it is generally held that the fat burden of obesity contributes substantially to cause hyperinsulinemia [57,64,68,69,76,89,93], acute inhibition of insulin secretion by central administration of leptin has also been reported [34,62,89,102, 131].”
BackgroundRegulatory role of leptin in glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle
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“Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that leptin treatment in insulin-deficient diabetic rats restores normoglycemia (Chinookoswong et al., 1999), and transgenic mice overexpressing leptin show increased insulin sensitivity (Ogawa et al., 1999).”
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“Several studies have demonstrated marked improvement of glucose homeostasis with systemic leptin administration in rodent models of type 1 diabetes, independent of changes of energy intake or circulating insulin concentrations (11, 16, 17).”
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“Such a concept is supported by data from studies in which leptin acted independently of insulin to restore euglycemia and normalize glucose turnover in insulindeficient STZ-induced diabetic rats (46,47).”
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“The present study did not allow examining interactions of spontaneous physical activity and food intake with hyperglycemia, which has been demonstrated elegantly by others (Chinookoswong et al., 1999; Sei et al., 1999; Ramadan et al., 2006; Punithavathi et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMechanism for leptin’s acute insulin-independent effect to reverse diabetic ketoacidosis
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“Based on these results, we hypothesize that the chronic effect of leptin can be attributed at least in part to its ability to (a) decrease hyperphagia, resulting in reductions in postprandial hyperglycemia; (b) lower ectopic lipid (DAG) content in liver and skeletal muscle, resulting in reversal of insulin resistance…”
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“The levels of adipokines released from fat mass are altered in insulin-resistant states and in diabetes (35).”
BackgroundSkeletal muscle as a therapeutic target for delaying type 1 diabetic complications
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“Treatment with leptin ameliorates diabetes in lipodystrophic mice and humans (3–5) as well as type 1 (6,7) and obesity-unrelated type 2 diabetes (8) in rodents.”
BackgroundPathways leading to muscle insulin resistance – The muscle – fat connection
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Multifaceted Leptin Network: The Molecular Connection Between Obesity and Breast Cancer
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“Circulating as a 16 kDa non-glycosylated protein partially bound to plasma proteins, leptin targets hypothalamus, and peripheral organs, including liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas [21–23].”
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In vivo leptin infusion impairs insulin and leptin signalling in liver and hypothalamus
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Control of hepatic glucose metabolism by islet and brain
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Self-citationLeptin as an adjunct of insulin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes
Miyanaga, F., Ogawa, Y., Ebihara, K., Hidaka, S., Tanaka, T., Hayashi, S., Masuzaki, H., & Nakao, K. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1193-6 · Cited by 52
“There are several reports showing a marked decrease in plasma leptin concentrations in insulin-deficient diabetic rats and humans [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], suggesting the therapeutic implication of leptin in insulin-deficient diabetes.”
BackgroundChanges in insulin sensitivity during leptin replacement therapy in leptin-deficient patients
Paz-Filho, G., Esposito, K. F., Hurwitz, B. E., Sharma, A. M., Dong, C., Andreev, V., Delibaşı, T., Erol, H. K., Ayala, A. R., Wong, M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90450.2008 · Cited by 50
da Silva, A. A., Tallam, L. S., Liu, J., & Hall, J. E. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00187.2006 · Cited by 51
Sáinź, N., Rodrı́guez, A., Catalán, V., Becerril, S., Ramírez, B., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., & Frühbeck, G. (2010) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2010/784343 · Cited by 51
“Oxidative stress is increased in diabetes [26, 27] with leptin administration reportedly improving insulin sensitivity in normal and diabetic rodents [28–30].”
Early events involved in the development of insulin resistance in Zucker fatty rat
Liu, R., Mizuta, M., Kurose, T., & Matsukura, S. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801924 · Cited by 48
Leptin signaling and leptin resistance
Liu, J., Lai, F., Hou, Y., & Zheng, R. (2022) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2022-0017 · Cited by 61
Kojima, S., Asakawa, A., Amitani, H., Sakoguchi, T., Ueno, N., Inui, A., & Kalra, S. P. (2009) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.01.007 · Cited by 47
“Interestingly, systemic and central administration of leptin, a product of adipocytes, has also been shown to curb hyperglycemia and hyperphagia in STZ-pretreated rodents in short-term experiments [8,20,21].”
InfluentialCentral signalling cross‐talk between insulin and leptin in glucose and energy homeostasis
Boucsein, A., Kamstra, K., & Tups, A. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12944 · Cited by 48
Kalra, S. P. (2009) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.07.021 · Cited by 45
“Systemic administration of leptin to either leptindeficient ob/ob [19,35,41,61,89] or leptinopenic lipodystrophic, diabetic humans and mice stimulated glucose metabolism and normalized blood glucose concentrations, benefits previously”
BackgroundLeptin, diabetes, and the brain
Morton, G. J., & Meek, T. H. (2012) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.105568 · Cited by 47
“However, in contrast to physiological replacement doses of leptin, hyperleptinemia induced by either pharmacological doses of leptin[38,39] or an adenoviral gene therapy approach[40] ameliorates hyperglycemia in rodent models of uDM, despite very low insulin levels.”
BackgroundLeptin increases osteoblast-specific osteocalcin release through a hypothalamic relay
Kalra, S. P., Dube, M. G., & Iwaniec, U. T. (2009) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.01.020 · Cited by 46
“Increased leptin signaling by icv injection of either leptin or rAAV-lep readily augments energy expenditure and glucose metabolism, even in the absence of increased energy intake [1,2,17,20,21,32,59,60] and these centrally generated effects participate substantially in diminishing blood glucose levels [20,21,59,60].”
BackgroundLeptin resistance following over-expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in liver
Lam, N., Covey, S. D., Lewis, J. T., Oosman, S. N., Webber, T. D., Hsu, E. C., Cheung, A. T., & Kieffer, T. J. (2005) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.1.01937 · Cited by 46
Cross-talk between adipose and gastric leptins for the control of food intake and energy metabolism
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Morton, G. J., Meek, T. H., Matsen, M. E., & Schwartz, M. W. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci82723 · Cited by 41
Kalra, S. P. (2008) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.023 · Cited by 40
“However, contrary to this established mode for the genesis of type 2 diabetes, evidence also shows that direct activation of hypothalamic leptin receptor by intraventricular injections of leptin lowers blood glucose levels and glucose intolerance [33,34].”
BackgroundSclerostin and its significance for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D)
Wędrychowicz, A., Sztefko, K., & Starzyk, J. (2018) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.007 · Cited by 43
Leptin reduces glucose transport and cellular ATP levels in INS-1 beta-cells
Lam, N., Cheung, A., Riedel, M., Light, P., Ci, C., & Kieffer, T. J. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0320415 · Cited by 39
“infusion of leptin to rats enhances hepatic insulin sensitivity and increases whole-body glucose utilization (Kamohara et al. 1997, Sivitz et al. 1997, Barzilai et al. 1999, Chinookoswong et al. 1999 ).”
BackgroundPleotropic effects of leptin to reverse insulin resistance and diabetic ketoacidosis
Perry, R. J., Petersen, K. F., & Shulman, G. I. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3909-4 · Cited by 39
Increased plasma leptin attenuates adaptive metabolism in early lactating dairy cows
Ehrhardt, R., Foskolos, A., Giesy, S. L., Wesolowski, S. R., Krumm, C. S., Butler, W. R., Quirk, S. M., Waldron, M. R., & Boisclair, Y. R. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-16-0031 · Cited by 39
Hypothalamic clamp on insulin release by leptin-transgene expression
Boghossian, S., Dube, M. G., Torto, R., Kalra, P. S., & Kalra, S. P. (2006) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.022 · Cited by 36
Matsubara, M., Chiba, H., Maruoka, S., & Katayose, S. (2000) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat1994.7.231 · Cited by 36
Jejunal Leptin-PI3K Signaling Lowers Glucose Production
Rasmussen, B. A., Breen, D. M., Duca, F. A., Côté, C. D., Zadeh‐Tahmasebi, M., Filippi, B., & Lam, T. K. T. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.014 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Chinookoswong, N., Wang, J. L., & Shi, Z. Q.
- Affiliations
- Amgen (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1999-07-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1487-1492
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2113808580
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- leptin, insulin-deficient diabetes, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, glucose turnover, normoglycemia, insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, phloridzin, dietary restriction, weight loss, peripheral insulin action
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Glucose, Insulin, Male, Obesity, Phlorhizin, Proteins, Glucose Clamp Technique, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Leptin, Rats
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