Inflammatory Process in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Cytokines

ALEXANDRAKI, KRYSTALLENIA; PIPERI, CHRISTINA; KALOFOUTIS, CHRISTOS; SINGH, JAIPAUL; ALAVERAS, ANTONIS; KALOFOUTIS, ANASTASIOS

doi:10.1196/annals.1372.039

Cited by 309Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesDiabetes Treatment and ManagementAdipose Tissue and Metabolism

Inflammatory Process in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Cytokines

ALEXANDRAKI, KRYSTALLENIA, PIPERI, CHRISTINA, KALOFOUTIS, CHRISTOS, SINGH, JAIPAUL, ALAVERAS, ANTONIS, KALOFOUTIS, ANASTASIOS·2006·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1196/annals.1372.039

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Abstract

Abstract: Population‐based studies have shown strong relationship between inflammatory markers and metabolic disturbances, obesity, and atherosclerosis, whereas inflammation has been considered as a “common soil” between these clinical entities and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue (AT), the common origin of macrophages and adipocytes, the prevalent presence of peripheral mononuclear cells, and apoptotic β cells by themselves seem to be the sources of inflammation present in T2D, since they generate the mediators of the inflammatory processes, namely cytokines. The main cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of T2D are interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), with an action similar to the one present in type 1 diabetes, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and IL‐6, considered as the main regulators of inflammation, leptin, more recently introduced, and several others, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, resistin, adiponectin, with either deleterious or beneficial effects in diabetic pathogenesis. The characterization of these molecules targeted diabetes treatment beyond the classical interventions with lifestyle changes and pharmaceutical agents, and toward the determination of specific molecular pathways that lead to low grade chronic inflammatory state mainly due to an immune system's unbalance.

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Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are related to a state of low-grade systemic inflammation.
“Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are related to a state of low-grade systemic inflammation [7, 27–29].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [29]
Elevated TNF-α is not secondary to the pathological conditions associated with insulin resistance, but plays a direct pathogenic role in glucose metabolism.
“Thus, a number of studies indicate that elevated TNF-α is not secondary to the pathological conditions associated with insulin resistance, but that TNF-α plays a direct pathogenic role in glucose metabolism [29, 40].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [29]

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Caldefie‐Chezet, F., Poulin, A.-M., Tridon, A., Sion, B., & Vasson, M. (2001) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.69.3.414 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Leptin modulates β cell expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist and release of IL-1β in human islets
Maedler, K., Sergeev, P., Ehses, J. A., Máthé, Z., Bosco, D., Berney, T., Dayer, J., Reinecke, M., Halban, P. A., & Donath, M. Y. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0305683101 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Leptin stimulates rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration.
Oda, A., Taniguchi, T., & Yokoyama, M. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 246 · see citing works
In Vivo Administration of Leptin Activates Signal Transduction Directly in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues: Overlapping but Distinct Pathways from Insulin
Kim, Y., Uotani, S., Pierroz, D. D., Flier, J. S., & Kahn, B. B. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.7.7536 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Leptin promotes aggregation of human platelets via the long form of its receptor.
Nakata, M., Yada, T., Soejima, N., & Maruyama, I. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.2.426 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Pituitary: Evidence of a Regulatory Role for Leptin on Pituitary Cell Proliferation1
Jin, L. G., Burguera, B. G., Couce, M., Scheithauer, B. W., Lamsan, J., Eberhardt, N. L., Kulig, E., & Lloyd, R. V. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.8.5908 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Obese Gene Expression Alters the Ability of 30A5 Preadipocytes to Respond to Lipogenic Hormones
Bai, Y., Zhang, S., Kim, K., Lee, J.-K., & Kim, K.-H. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.24.13939 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Effects of pioglitazone on metabolic parameters, body fat distribution, and serum adiponectin levels in Japanese male patients with type 2 diabetes
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Etiology of the Metabolic Syndrome: Potential Role of Insulin Resistance, Leptin Resistance, and Other Players
Zimmet, P., Boyko, E. J., Collier, G. R., & de Courten, M. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07783.x · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Adipokines, inflammation, and the endothelium in diabetes
Aldhahi, W., & Hamdy, O. (2003) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-003-0020-2 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Diet Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 and its Impact on Obesity
Chen, A., Mumick, S., Zhang, C., Lamb, J., Dai, H., Weingarth, D., Mudgett, J., Chen, H., MacNeil, D. J., Reitman, M. L., et al. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.159 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide Primes Pancreatic β Cells for Fas-mediated Destruction in Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Stassi, G., Maria, R. D., Trucco, G., Rudert, W. A., Testi, R., Galluzzo, A., Giordano, C. S. D. S., & Trucco, M. (1997) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.186.8.1193 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypertensive patients
Koh, K. K., Ahn, J. Y., Han, S. H., Kim, D. S., Jin, D., Kim, H. S., Shin, M., Ahn, T. H., Choi, I. S., & Shin, E. K. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00846-5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Effect of Leptin on Arterial Thrombosis Following Vascular Injury in Mice
Bodary, P. F. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.13.1706 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Is a Physiological Regulator of Adipocyte Insulin Signaling
Shi, H., Tzameli, I., Bjørbæk, C., & Flier, J. S. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m403886200 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
High Plasma Immunoreactive Leptin Level in Essential Hypertension
Agata, J. (1997) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00310-5 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Acute Elevations of Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Impaired Endothelial Function in Response to a High-Fat Meal in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Fard, A., Tuck, C. H., Donis, J. A., Sciacca, R. R., Tullio, M. R. D., Wu, H. D., Bryant, T. A., Chen, N.-T., Torres‐Tamayo, M., Ramasamy, R., et al. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.9.2039 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Leptin Regulates Functional Capacities of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
Caldefie‐Chezet, F., Poulin, A., & Vasson, M. (2003) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/1071576031000097526 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Leptin Promotes Vascular Remodeling and Neointimal Growth in Mice
Schäfer, K., Halle, M., Goeschen, C., Dellas, C., Pynn, M., Loskutoff, D. J., & Konstantinides, S. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000105904.02142.e7 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Leptin: a multifunctional hormone
Huang, L., & Cai, L. (2000) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290038 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Do atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes share a common inflammatory basis?
Pradhan, A. (2002) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.3052 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
No Increased Insulin Sensitivity after a Single Intravenous Administration of a Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor: Fc Fusion Protein in Obese Insulin-Resistant Patients
Paquot, N., Castillo, M. J., Lefèbvre, P. J., & Scheen, A. J. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.3.6417 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Protection against lipoapoptosis of β cells through leptin-dependent maintenance of Bcl-2 expression
Shimabukuro, M., Wang, M.-Y., Zhou, Y.-T., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.16.9558 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein Is Independently Associated With Fasting Insulin in Nondiabetic Women
Pradhan, A. D., Cook, N. R., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000065636.15310.9c · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Expression and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle of Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Rieusset, J., Bouzakri, K., Chevillotte, E., Ricard, N., Jacquet, D., Bastard, J.-P., Laville, M., & Vidal, H. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2232 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Leptin restores euglycemia and normalizes glucose turnover in insulin-deficient diabetes in the rat.
Chinookoswong, N., Wang, J. L., & Shi, Z. Q. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.7.1487 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Leptin Accelerates Autoimmune Diabetes in Female NOD Mice
Matarese, G., Sanna, V., Lechler, R. I., Sarvetnick, N., Fontana, S., Zappacosta, S., & Cava, A. L. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1356 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Plasma leptin is independently associated with the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery
Ciccone, M. M., Vettor, R., Pannacciulli, N., Minenna, A., Bellacicco, M., RIZZON, P., GIORGINO, R., & Pergola, G. D. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801623 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Unraveling the multiple roles of leptin in inflammation and autoimmunity
Cava, A. L., Alviggi, C., & Matarese, G. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0492-1 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Selective interaction between leptin and insulin signaling pathways in a hepatic cell line
Szántó, I., & Kahn, C. R. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.050580497 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Exercise reduces plasma levels of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8 in subjects with the metabolic syndrome
Trøseid, M. (2004) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.006 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Increased Plasma Concentration of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and MIF mRNA in Mononuclear Cells in the Obese and the Suppressive Action of Metformin
Dandona, P., Aljada, A., Ghanim, H., Mohanty, P., Tripathy, C., Hofmeyer, D., & Chaudhuri, A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0436 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Beneficial Effects of Fenofibrate to Improve Endothelial Dysfunction and Raise Adiponectin Levels in Patients With Primary Hypertriglyceridemia
Koh, K. K., Han, S. H., Quon, M. J., Ahn, J. Y., & Shin, E. K. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1419 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Modulation of C-Reactive Protein-Mediated Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Induction in Human Endothelial Cells by Anti-Atherosclerosis Drugs
Pasceri, V., Chang, J., Willerson, J. T., & Yeh, E. T. H. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.21.2531 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibits Insulin’s Stimulating Effect on Glucose Uptake and Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Humans
Rask‐Madsen, C., Domínguez, H., Ihlemann, N., Hermann, T. S., Køber, L., & Torp-Pedersen, C. T. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000091406.72832.11 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

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The role of exercise and PGC1α in inflammation and chronic disease
Handschin, C., & Spiegelman, B. M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07206 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
Inflammatory molecules and pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy
Navarro‐González, J. F., Fernández, C. M., de Fuentes, M. M., & García-Pérez, J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.51 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Diabetic Nephropathy
Navarro‐González, J. F., & Fernández, C. M. (2008) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2007091048 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease
Penn, J. S., Madan, A., Caldwell, R. B., Bartoli, M., Caldwell, R. W., & Hartnett, M. E. (2008) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.001 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Higher Inflammatory Marker Levels in Older Persons: Associations With 5-Year Change in Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength
Schaap, L. A., Pluijm, S. M. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Harris, T. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Colbert, L. H., Pahor, M., Rubin, S. M., Tylavsky, F. A., et al. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glp097 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments
Antar, S. A., Ashour, N. A., Sharaky, M. M., Khattab, M., Ashour, N. A., Zaid, R. T., Roh, E. J., Elkamhawy, A., & Al-Karmalawy, A. A. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115734 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases
Kell, D. B. (2009) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-2 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation
Mathur, N., & Pedersen, B. K. (2008) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2008/109502 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Inflammation and type 2 diabetes
Calle, M. C., & Fernández, M. L. (2012) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2011.11.006 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
AKI on CKD: heightened injury, suppressed repair, and the underlying mechanisms
He, L., Wei, Q., Liu, J., Yi, M., Liu, Y., Liu, H., Sun, L., Peng, Y., Liu, F., Venkatachalam, M. A., et al. (2017) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.030 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Energy metabolism in health and diseases
Liu, H., Wang, S., Wang, J., Guo, X., Song, Y., Fu, K., Gao, Z., Liu, D., He, W., & Yang, L. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02141-x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
One-year supplementation with a grape extract containing resveratrol modulates inflammatory-related microRNAs and cytokines expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetes and hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease
Tomé‐Carneiro, J., Larrosa, M., Yáñez-Gascón, M. J., Dávalos, A., Gil‐Zamorano, J., Gonzálvez, M., García‐Almagro, F. J., Ros, J. A. R., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., Espı́n, J. C., et al. (2013) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.011 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Type 2-diabetes is associated with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and adiponectin and low levels of leptin in a population of Mexican Americans: A cross-sectional study
Mirza, S., Hossain, M., Mathews, C., Martinez, P., Pino, P., Gay, J. L., Rentfro, A., McCormick, J. B., & Fisher-Hoch, S. P. (2012) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.029 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Abnormal glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle–specific PGC-1α knockout mice reveals skeletal muscle–pancreatic β cell crosstalk
Handschin, C., Choi, C. S., Chin, S., Kim, S., Kawamori, D., Kurpad, A. J., Neubauer, N., Hu, J., Mootha, V. K., Kim, Y.-B., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31785 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Aortic Msx2-Wnt Calcification Cascade Is Regulated by TNF-α–Dependent Signals in Diabetic Ldlr −/− Mice
Al‐Aly, Z., Shao, J.-S., Lai, C., Huang, E., Cai, J., Behrmann, A., Cheng, S., & Towler, D. A. (2007) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.107.153668 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Cholinergic modulation of the immune system presents new approaches for treating inflammation
Hoover, D. B. (2017) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.002 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Immunity and inflammation in diabetic kidney disease: translating mechanisms to biomarkers and treatment targets
Pichler, R. H., Afkarian, M., Dieter, B. P., & Tuttle, K. R. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00314.2016 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
NF-κB in Aging and Disease.
Tilstra, J. S., Clauson, C. L., Niedernhofer, L. J., & Robbins, P. D. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 290 · see citing works
The role of chronic prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH )
Gandaglia, G., Briganti, A., Gontero, P., Mondaini, N., Novara, G., Salonia, A., Sciarra, A., & Montorsi, F. (2013) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.12118 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
NAG-1/GDF-15 prevents obesity by increasing thermogenesis, lipolysis and oxidative metabolism
Chrysovergis, K., Wang, X., Kosak, J., Lee, S.-H., Kim, J. S., Foley, J. F., Travlos, G., Singh, S., Baek, S. J., & Eling, T. E. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.27 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
The influence of skeletal muscle on systemic aging and lifespan
Demontis, F., Piccirillo, R., Goldberg, A. L., & Perrimon, N. (2013) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12126 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
TNFα in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, remodeling and heart failure
Kleinbongard, P., Schulz, R., & Heusch, G. (2010) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-010-9180-8 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Diabetes, Sarcopenia, and Frailty
Morley, J. E. (2008) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2008.03.004 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The association between depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and inflammation in major depression
Krogh, J., Benros, M. E., Jørgensen, M. B., Vesterager, L., Elfving, B., & Nordentoft, M. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.014 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Androgen deficiency, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in men
Kalyani, R. R., & Dobs, A. S. (2007) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e32814db856 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Hyperglycemia Activates Caspase-1 and TXNIP-Mediated IL-1β Transcription in Human Adipose Tissue
Koenen, T. B., Stienstra, R., van Tits, L. J., Graaf, J. D., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., Joosten, L. A. B., Tack, C. J., & Netea, M. G. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0266 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Interrelationship between diabetes and periodontitis: Role of hyperlipidemia
Zhou, X., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Zhang, W., & Li, Y. (2014) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.11.008 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Inflammation in diabetic kidney disease
García-García, P. M. (2014) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.431 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Distinct Migratory Properties of M1, M2, and Resident Macrophages Are Regulated by αDβ2 and αMβ2 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion
Cui, K., Ardell, C. L., Podolnikova, N. P., & Yakubenko, V. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02650 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Increased plasma methylglyoxal level, inflammation, and vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy
Lü, J., Randell, E. W., Han, Y., Adeli, K., Krahn, J., & Meng, Q. H. (2010) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.11.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and the Reporting of Infections: A Disproportionality Analysis in the World Health Organization VigiBase
Willemen, M. J. C., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., Straus, S. M. J. M., Meyboom, R. H., Egberts, T. C. G., & Leufkens, H. G. M. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1771 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
A high-fat diet decreases AMPK activity in multiple tissues in the absence of hyperglycemia or systemic inflammation in rats
Lindholm, C. R., Ertel, R. L., Bauwens, J. D., Schmuck, E. G., Mulligan, J. D., & Saupe, K. W. (2013) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-012-0199-2 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome and urologic diseases.
Gorbachinsky, I., Akpınar, H., & Assimos, D. G. (2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Effect of Iranian Propolis on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance, Renal Function and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Zakerkish, M., Jenabi, M., Zaeemzadeh, N., Hemmati, A. A., & Neisi, N. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43838-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Investigation of the Effect of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Subgingival Plaque Microbiota by High-Throughput 16S rDNA Pyrosequencing
Zhou, M., Rong, R., Munro, D. B., Zhu, C., Gao, X., Zhang, Q., & Dong, Q. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061516 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Accelerates the Calcification of Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Obtained from Patients with Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis via the BMP2-Dlx5 Pathway
Yu, Z., Seya, K., Daitoku, K., Motomura, S., Fukuda, I., & Furukawa, K. (2010) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.110.177915 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Deficiency of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in mice improves insulin sensitivity but increases food intake and obesity with age
Agudo, J., Martín, M., Roca, C., Molas, M., Bura, S. A., Zimmer, A., Bosch, F., & Maldonado, R. J. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1894-6 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Association between DNA Methylation in Whole Blood and Measures of Glucose Metabolism: KORA F4 Study
Kriebel, J., Herder, C., Rathmann, W., Wahl, S., Kunze, S., Molnos, S., Volkova, N. V., Schramm, K., Carstensen‐Kirberg, M., Waldenberger, M., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152314 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
<scp>NF</scp>‐κB as the mediator of metformin's effect on ageing and ageing‐related diseases
Kanigur Sultuybek, G., Soydas, T., & Yenmis, G. (2019) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13073 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Coactivator function of RIP140 for NFκB/RelA-dependent cytokine gene expression
Zschiedrich, I., Hardeland, U., Krones, A., Díaz, M. B., Vegiopoulos, A., Müggenburg, J., Sombroek, D., Hofmann, T. G., Zawatzky, R., Yu, X., et al. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-121699 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Approach to Evaluate Nutritional Status in Crohn's Patients in the Era of Biologic Therapy: A Case-Control Study
Guerreiro, C. S., Cravo, M. L., Costa, A. R., Miranda, A., Tavares, L., Moura-Santos, P., Marques-Vidal, P. M., & Leitão, C. N. (2007) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01439.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory Properties of Orange Juice: Possible Favorable Molecular and Metabolic Effects
Coelho, R. C. L. A., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., & Bressan, J. (2013) · Plant Foods for Human Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s11130-013-0343-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) intake decreases oxidative stress in obese diabetic (db/db) mice
Noratto, G. D., Chew, B. P., & Atienza, L. M. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.097 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
(Pro)renin receptor contributes to diabetic nephropathy by enhancing renal inflammation
Matavelli, L. C., Huang, J., & Siragy, H. M. (2009) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05292.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes – An autoinflammatory disease driven by metabolic stress
Gonzalez, L. L., Garrie, K., & Turner, M. D. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.034 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Inflammasome in Chronic Complications of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders
Menini, S., Iacobini, C., Vitale, M., & Pugliese, G. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9081812 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
XOMA 052, an Anti-IL-1β Monoclonal Antibody, Improves Glucose Control and β-Cell Function in the Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Model
Owyang, A. M., Maedler, K., Gross, L., Yin, J., Esposito, L., Shu, L., Jadhav, J., Domsgen, E., Bergemann, J., Lee, S. C., et al. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-1124 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The NLRP3 inflammasome: Role in metabolic disorders and regulation by metabolic pathways
Jiang, D., Chen, S., Sun, R., Zhang, X., & Wang, D. (2018) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.034 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Increased circulating angiotensin-(1–7) protects white adipose tissue against development of a proinflammatory state stimulated by a high-fat diet
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The Immune System and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes
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Authors: ALEXANDRAKI, K., PIPERI, C., KALOFOUTIS, C., SINGH, J., ALAVERAS, A., & KALOFOUTIS, A.
Affiliations: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
University of Lancashire (GB)
Corresponding author: PIPERI, CHRISTINA
ORCID: ALEXANDRAKI, KRYSTALLENIA
PIPERI, CHRISTINA
SINGH, JAIPAUL
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 1084
Issue: 1
Pages: 89-117
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1372.039
OpenAlex: W1491280754
Semantic Scholar: 160271b5b2f5d455bde3b3b6558683292a30fa1c
Cited by: 309
References: 281
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 2.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 27 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, inflammation, adipose tissue macrophages, cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, interleukin-6, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, MCP-1, beta-cell apoptosis, obesity, atherosclerosis, low-grade inflammation, immune dysregulation
MeSH terms: Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Inflammation, Cytokines

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Inflammatory Process in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Cytokines

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