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Intranasal Insulin Reduces Body Fat in Men but not in Women
Open accessAbstract
Insulin acts in the central nervous system to reduce food intake and body weight and is considered a major adiposity signal. After intranasal administration, insulin enters the cerebrospinal fluid compartment and alters brain functions in the absence of substantial absorption into the blood stream. Here we report the effects of 8 weeks of intranasal administration of insulin (4 × 40 IU/day) or placebo to two groups of healthy human subjects (12 men and 8 women in each group). The insulin-treated men lost 1.28 kg body wt and 1.38 kg of body fat, and their waist circumference decreased by 1.63 cm. Plasma leptin levels dropped by an average of 27%. In contrast, the insulin-treated women did not lose body fat and gained 1.04 kg body wt due to a rise in extracellular water. Our results provide a strong, first confirmation in humans that insulin acts as a negative feedback signal in the regulation of adiposity and point to a differential sensitivity to the catabolic effects of insulin based on sex.
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“Indeed, intranasal insulin—which reaches the brain directly along olfactory perivascular channels—reduces body fat in men but not in women [33].”
From Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Of note, experimental studies suggest considerable sex differences in brain insulin sensitivity.”
From Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Nevertheless, daily nasal insulin administration over 8 weeks reduced body weight and body fat content only in men, whereas women showed no reduction in body adiposity26.”
From Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“suggesting that delivery schedules synced to food intake 39,42,44,47 might be necessary for the catabolic impact of IN insulin to emerge.”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“In healthy, normal-weight humans, IN insulin administration for 8 weeks (4 × 40 IU day -1 ) reduced body weight and body fat content in men, but not women.”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The loss of body fat in the men was associated with a 27% reduction in the circulating concentrations of leptin.”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 281
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“The same group subsequently reported reduced body weight, body fat, and leptin levels in healthy male subjects following 8 weeks of intranasal insulin administration as compared with placebo (93).”
BackgroundUntangling the effect of insulin action on brain mitochondria and metabolism
Schell, M., Wardelmann, K., & Kleinridders, A. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12932 · Cited by 58
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Self-citationPathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
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“However, in normal weight female subjects, the same intervention yielded an increase of body weight by 1 kg mainly due to increased extracellular water (51).”
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Akintola, A. A., van Opstal, A. M., Westendorp, R. G. J., Postmus, I., van der Grond, J., & van Heemst, D. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101192 · Cited by 56
“Thus, we cannot rule out that insulin has effect on many other brain areas, since several previous studies have demonstrated that insulin had beneficial effects on brain function including memory, cognition [32-34], and brain mediated functions such as postprandial thermogenesis and other metabolic profiles [31, 35-37…”
BackgroundResultCentral Endocannabinoid Signaling Regulates Hepatic Glucose Production and Systemic Lipolysis
O’Hare, J., Zieliński, E., Cheng, B., Scherer, T., & Buettner, C. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0962 · Cited by 58
“In humans, insulin regulates neuronal activity (51) and participates in weight regulation (52).”
BackgroundModulation of midbrain neurocircuitry by intranasal insulin
Edwin Thanarajah, S., Iglesias, S., Kuzmanovic, B., Rigoux, L., Stephan, K. E., Brüning, J. C., & Tittgemeyer, M. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.050 · Cited by 55
“, 2012) and long-term application (Hallschmid et al., 2004).”
Brain insulin resistance and cognitive function: influence of exercise
Malin, S. K., Stewart, N. R., Ude, A. A., & Alderman, B. L. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2022 · Cited by 53
Is the Brain a Key Player in Glucose Regulation and Development of Type 2 Diabetes?
Lundqvist, M., Almby, K. E., Abrahamsson, N., & Eriksson, J. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00457 · Cited by 55
“Intriguingly, intranasal insulin treatment has been demonstrated to lead to weight loss (Hallschmid et al., 2004), suppressed lipolysis (Iwen et al.”
BackgroundBegg, D. P., Mul, J. D., Liu, M., Reedy, B. M., D’Alessio, D. A., Seeley, R. J., & Woods, S. C. (2013) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-1929 · Cited by 51
Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase
Hummel, J., Benkendorff, C., Fritsche, L., Prystupa, K., Vosseler, A., Gancheva, S., Trenkamp, S., Birkenfeld, A. L., Preissl, H., Roden, M., et al. (2023) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-023-00869-w · Cited by 48
Intranasal Leptin: Blood-Brain Barrier Bypass (BBBB) for Obesity?
Kastin, A. J., & Pan, W. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-0208 · Cited by 48
Geijselaers, S. L. C., Aalten, P., Ramakers, I. H. G. B., Deyn, P. P. D., Heijboer, A. C., Koek, H. L., Olde-Rikkert, M. G. M., Papma, J. M., Reesink, F. E., Smits, L. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170522 · Cited by 46
“The sex differences observed in our study are in line with experimental data and clinical studies showing that the brains of men and women are differentially sensitive to the effects of insulin [23, 24, 48, 49].”
Neuroprotective effects of Canagliflozin: Lessons from aged genetically diverse UM‐HET3 mice
Jayarathne, H. S. M., Debarba, L. K., Jaboro, J. J., Ginsburg, B. C., Miller, R. A., & Sadagurski, M. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13653 · Cited by 45
“These results are in accordance with previous reports indicating sex-specific sensitivity to insulin action in the brain on food intake and body weight in humans and rodents (Clegg et al. 2003; Hallschmid et al. 2004), demonstrating protective properties of Cana treatment in the brain beyond its effects on peripheral…”
BackgroundResultNeuroadrenergic dysfunction in obesity: an overview of the effects of weight loss
Straznicky, N. E., Lambert, G. W., & Lambert, É. (2010) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e3283329c62 · Cited by 46
Heni, M., Kullmann, S., Ahlqvist, E., Wagner, R. J., Machicao, F. E., Staiger, H., Häring, H.-U., Almgren, P., Groop, L., Small, D. M., et al. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4095-0 · Cited by 47
“In addition to various other functions, such as memory and reward, insulin delivery to the brain induced weight loss [29, 50].”
BackgroundInsulin Signals Through the Dorsal Vagal Complex to Regulate Energy Balance
Filippi, B., Bassiri, A., Abraham, M. A., Duca, F. A., Yue, J. T. Y., & Lam, T. K. T. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1044 · Cited by 45
“Intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin into the third ventricle (ICV-3) of mice and rats decreases food intake in males (8,9), and intranasal insulin administration in humans also reduces body fat and food intake in males but not females (10,11).”
BackgroundInfluentialInsulin Therapy: Current Alternatives
Gomez-Perez, F. J., & Rull, J. A. (2005) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.012 · Cited by 46
Role of Insulin Signaling in Maintaining Energy Homeostasis
Sharma, M. D., Garber, A. J., & Farmer, J. A. (2008) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.14.3.373 · Cited by 46
Intranasal insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) as a plausible future treatment of depression
Paslakis, G., Blum, W. F., & Deuschle, M. (2012) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.045 · Cited by 44
“[45–55]).”
Insulin and glucagon signaling in the central nervous system
Filippi, B., Abraham, M. A., Yue, J. T. Y., & Lam, T. K. T. (2013) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-013-9258-4 · Cited by 43
“The same effect of centrally administered insulin was also found in rats [19–21], sheep [22], mice [23, 24], chickens [25] and humans [26, 27].”
BackgroundHennige, A. M., Sartorius, T., Lutz, S. Z., Tschritter, O., Preissl, H., Hopp, S., Fritsche, A., Rammensee, H.-G., Ruth, P., & Häring, H.-U. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1522-5 · Cited by 41
Insulin Modulation of Magnetoencephalographic Resting State Dynamics in Lean and Obese Subjects
Stingl, K. T., Kullmann, S., Guthoff, M., Heni, M., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. T. (2010) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2010.00157 · Cited by 41
Metabolic signals and food intake. Forty years of progress
Woods, S. C. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.016 · Cited by 40
Benedict, C., Dodt, C., Hallschmid, M., Lepiorz, M., Fehm, H. L., Jan Born, A., & Kern, W. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.04.026 · Cited by 38
“Because long-term intranasal insulin administration has already yielded beneficial effects on memory processing [32] and on the regulation of body fat stores [33], the latter finding is of particular relevance because it demonstrates that long-term intranasal administration of insulin is not accompanied by an adverse…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNijssen, K. M. R., Mensink, R. P., & Joris, P. J. (2022) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000526717 · Cited by 43
Prohormone convertase 1/3 deficiency causes obesity due to impaired proinsulin processing
Meier, D. T., Rachid, L., Wiedemann, S. J., Traub, S., TRIMIGLIOZZI, K. A., Stawiski, M., Sauteur, L., Winter, D. V., Foll, C. L., Brégère, C., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32509-4 · Cited by 40
Androgen receptor CAG repeats and body composition among Ariaal men
Campbell, B., Gray, P. B., Eisenberg, D. T. A., Ellison, P. T., & Sorenson, M. D. (2007) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00825.x · Cited by 37
Central Nervous Insulin Signaling in Sleep-Associated Memory Formation and Neuroendocrine Regulation
Feld, G. B., Wilhem, I., Benedict, C., Rüdel, B., Klameth, C., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.312 · Cited by 36
“Since previous studies have indicated that men and women respond differently to insulin’s central nervous effects (Benedict et al, 2008; Hallschmid et al, 2004; Krug et al, 2010), we investigated the impact of pre-sleep intranasal insulin administration in male and female participants.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSantiago, J. C. P., & Hallschmid, M. (2019) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.007 · Cited by 37
Self-citationIntranasal Neuropeptide Administration To Target the Human Brain in Health and Disease
Spetter, M. S., & Hallschmid, M. (2015) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00047 · Cited by 35
Self-citationSchneider, E. M., Spetter, M. S., Martin, E., Sapey, E., Yip, K. P., Manolopoulos, K. N., Tahrani, A. A., Thomas, J. M., Lee, M. D., Hallschmid, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01115-1 · Cited by 38
“Acute administration IN insulin reduces food intake in healthy adults [4–7] and longer term administration suppresses hunger and decreases body fat content [8] suggesting potential for weight management.”
Self-citationThe Central Insulin System and Energy Balance
Begg, D. P., & Woods, S. C. (2011) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24716-3_5 · Cited by 36
“…to increase central insulin levels, it was found that there is a dose-dependent reduction of food intake during an ad libitum breakfast buffet (Hallschmid et al. 2004), and follow-up experiments found that men were more sensitive to insulin’s anorexigenic action than women (Benedict et al.…”
Differential effects of intranasal insulin and caffeine on cerebral blood flow
Grichisch, Y., Çavuşoğlu, M., Preissl, H. T., Uludaǧ, K., Hallschmid, M., Birbaumer, N., Häring, H. U., Fritsche, A., & Veit, R. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21216 · Cited by 34
“mass in lean male subjects [Hallschmid et al., 2004] and improves memory function in humans [Benedict et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBell, G. A., & Fadool, D. A. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.044 · Cited by 34
“Although sex-specific effects have been reported for rats and humans in regards to insulin signaling [57,59,80, 81], such has not been found for mice [16].”
Hormonal Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation in the Brain in Health and Disease
Głombik, K., Detka, J., & Budziszewska, B. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10112937 · Cited by 34
“Although the precise mechanisms by which insulin enters the CNS via this administration route have not yet been entirely explained, it has been demonstrated that its intranasal application can prevent neuroinflammation and nerve damage and improve memory and cognition in preclinical and clinical studies [33–35]; furth…”
BackgroundWagner, L., Veit, R., Fritsche, L., Häring, H., Fritsche, A., Birkenfeld, A. L., Heni, M., Preissl, H. T., & Kullmann, S. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01167-3 · Cited by 33
“Following intranasal insulin administration, a reduction of food intake [20, 21] and food craving [8] as well as slight reductions in body weight and adipose mass [22] were observed in men.”
BackgroundInfluentialBegg, D. P., May-Zhang, A. A., Mul, J. D., Liu, M., D’Alessio, D. A., Seeley, R. J., & Woods, S. C. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1364 · Cited by 31
“Because we have found that male rats are more sensitive to insulin’s hypophagic action than females (20,39) and because men are analogously more sensitive to the ability of intranasal insulin to reduce body fat than are women (36,40), we utilized male rats in the present experiments.”
MethodInsulin Transport into the Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Begg, D. P. (2015) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.007 · Cited by 31
The Brain-Gut-Islet Connection
Woods, S. C., Benoit, S. C., & Clegg, D. J. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-s015 · Cited by 30
“Humans receiving insulin in this way eat less food and lose body fat (38).”
BackgroundResultCentral nervous system insulin signaling can influence the rate of insulin influx into brain
Nguyễn, V. H., Thomas, P., Pemberton, S., Babin, A., Noonan, C., Weaver, R. R., Banks, W. A., & Rhea, E. M. (2023) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00431-6 · Cited by 30
Russell-Jones, D. L., Danne, T., Hermansen, K., Niswender, K. D., Robertson, K. J., Thalange, N. K. S., Vasselli, J. R., Yıldız, B. O., & Häring, H. (2015) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12493 · Cited by 30
Gender differences in rat plasma proteome in response to high‐fat diet
Liu, H., Choi, J., & Yun, J. W. (2011) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201100127 · Cited by 29
“A recent human study showed that insulin administration resulted in loss of body weight and body fat in men, but not in women, due to a rise in extracellular water [8, 50].”
BackgroundRitze, Y., Kern, W., Ebner, E.-M., Jahn, S., Benedict, C., & Hallschmid, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00663 · Cited by 28
“Building on our previous studies in which we administered four daily doses of 40 IU intranasal insulin (14, 19), here we investigated the metabolic and cognitive outcomes of 8-week once-daily administration of 160 IU insulin in healthy men.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBrain insulin action: Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia
Agarwal, S. M., Kowalchuk, C., Castellani, L. N., Costa-Dookhan, K. A., Caravaggio, F., Asgariroozbehani, R., Chintoh, A. F., Graff‐Guerrero, A., & Hahn, M. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.032 · Cited by 30
Intranasal Insulin: a Treatment Strategy for Addiction
Kashyap, B., Hanson, L. R., & Frey, W. H. (2020) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00822-4 · Cited by 27
Stockhorst, U., Huenig, A., Ziegler, D., & Scherbaum, W. A. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.014 · Cited by 27
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“It was concluded that insulin was a safe and well-tolerated treatment, capable of reducing excess weight in men [80].”
BackgroundHormonal regulation of the arcuate nucleus melanocortin system
Coppola, A. M. (2007) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2331 · Cited by 24
“In support of this, when delivered directly into the brain, insulin has been shown to lead to the suppression of food intake and a reduction in body weight (40), (41).”
Diabetes, Insulin and Alzheimer's Disease
Craft, S., & Christen, Y. (2010) · Research and perspectives in Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04300-0 · Cited by 24
Cushing Syndrome, Hypercortisolism, and Glucose Homeostasis: A Review
DeFronzo, R. A., & Auchus, R. J. (2025) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db25-0120 · Cited by 31
de Sá, D. S. F., Römer, S., Brueckner, A. H., Issler, T. C., Hauck, A., & Michael, T. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0593-3 · Cited by 24
Brain insulin responsiveness is linked to age and peripheral insulin sensitivity
Wagner, L., Veit, R., Kübler, C., Fritsche, A., Häring, H., Birkenfeld, A. L., Heni, M., Preissl, H., & Kullmann, S. (2023) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15094 · Cited by 22
Targeting metabolic and cognitive pathways of the CNS by intranasal insulin administration
Hallschmid, M., Benedict, C., Jan Born, A., & Kern, W. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.4.4.319 · Cited by 22
“Left: average body weight ( ± SEM) during 8 weeks of intranasal insulin administration and in a follow-up examination in healthy, normal weight men (reproduced with permission from [7] ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationScott, R., Tan, T., & Bloom, S. R. (2013) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407766-9.00007-9 · Cited by 20
“Central administration of insulin reduces food intake in baboons, rats, and humans (Hallschmid et al., 2004; McGowan, Andrews, & Grossman, 1992; Van Dijk et al., 1997; Woods, Lotter, McKay, & Porte, 1979), while blockage of central insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and increased body fat in rats…”
BackgroundActivation of brown adipose tissue in diet-induced thermogenesis is GC-C dependent
Habek, N., Radmilović, M. D., Kordić, M., Ilić, K., Grgić, S., Farkaš, V., Bagarić, R., Škokić, S., Švarc, A., & Dugandžić, A. (2020) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02347-8 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, insulin applied intranasally is absorbed in cerebrospinal fluid via olfactory perivascular channels, enhances DIT, and reduces body fat in male but not in female participants [4, 19].”
Effects of intranasal insulin on endogenous glucose production in insulin‐resistant men
Xiao, C., Dash, S., Stahel, P., & Lewis, G. F. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13289 · Cited by 19
Santiago, J. C. P., & Hallschmid, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00054 · Cited by 18
“This assumption is supported by the finding that shifts in direct current EEG potentials triggered by intranasal insulin do not yet reach their maximum after around 90 min of recording (Hallschmid et al., 2004b).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEstrogen and insulin transport through the blood-brain barrier
May-Zhang, A. A., Bedel, N. D., Shen, L., Woods, S. C., & Liu, M. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.019 · Cited by 18
“Intranasal insulin, which directly enters the CNS, produces clinically-meaningful weight loss in lean men, but not in obese men with insulin resistance [6,7].”
BackgroundResultStahel, P., Lee, S. J., Sud, S. K., Floh, A. A., & Dash, S. (2019) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13661 · Cited by 18
“Intranasal insulin decreased food intake and body mass in men but not women, and improved cognitive function in women but not men.(29,30) The mechanisms underlying these potential gender differences remain to be established.”
BackgroundIs Insulin Action in the Brain Relevant in Regulating Blood Glucose in Humans?
Dash, S., Xiao, C., Morgantini, C., Koulajian, K., & Lewis, G. F. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1371 · Cited by 18
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Insulin detemir for the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes
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Food image-induced brain activation is not diminished by insulin infusion
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“In human studies, intranasal insulin has been reported to increase satiety and decrease food intake(16, 17).”
Is Brain Insulin Action Relevant to the Control of Plasma Glucose in Humans?
Edgerton, D. S., & Cherrington, A. D. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1666 · Cited by 18
“Even chronic treatment with intranasal insulin (4 3 40 IU/day for 8 weeks) did not affect plasma insulin or glucose concentrations in healthy normal-weight subjects (33).”
BackgroundActions of insulin beyond glycemic control: A perspective on insulin detemir
Tibaldi, J. M. (2007) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf02849980 · Cited by 17
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Insulin and Estrogen Independently and Differentially Reduce Macronutrient Intake in Healthy Men
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“effect of central insulin in male than female subjects reported in animals (9) and humans (7, 8).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe autonomic nervous system in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism
Wangler, S., Jarczok, M. N., Ennis, M., Herhaus, B., Wagner, R., Sehgal, R., & Heni, M. (2026) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01221-w · Cited by 17
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“In humans, central insulin action was studied using intranasal insulin [4]; acute intranasal insulin promoted satiety and reduced snacking in the postprandial state in women [5] and resulted in weight loss in the longer term in men [6].”
BackgroundEffects of Intranasal Insulin on Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Particle Production in Healthy Men
Xiao, C., Dash, S., Stahel, P., & Lewis, G. F. (2017) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.117.309705 · Cited by 16
Odor Sensitivity After Intranasal Insulin Application Is Modulated by Gender
Rodriguez‐Raecke, R., Brünner, Y. F., Kofoet, A., Mutic, S., Benedict, C., & Freiherr, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00580 · Cited by 17
“With regards to olfactory function, women often outperform men (29), but regarding weight loss after insulin administration, only men were susceptible to this effect (20).”
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“In both human and non-human animals, intranasal delivery of peptides is a non-invasive and effective way of by-passing the BBB and achieving direct access to the CNS without causing peripheral side effects [107-108].”
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“ghrelin administration, and serum leptin and insulin in alcohol-dependent individuals do not act together as homeostatic messengers as seen in previous studies with healthy individuals (Hallschmid et al., 2004).”
Insulin and endocannabinoids in the mesolimbic system
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“Interestingly, directly targeting the brain by intranasal delivery of insulin lowers blood glucose levels and decreases food intake in nonobese and non-diabetic humans [13,14].”
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“A study of 8-week intranasal insulin treatment (40IU 4 times per day) in 12 healthy men and 8 healthy women was reported (Hallschmid et al. 2004).”
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“44 Our results showing decreased food intake in mice overexpressing insulin in CP are consistent with those reports that introduce exogenous insulin into the CNS. Interestingly, this effect on food intake was more apparent during the re-feeding phase after overnight fasting.”
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“Reduced sensitivity to insulin has also been reported in humans, as intranasal insulin administration resulted in a decrease in body weight in men, but not women [40].”
Intranasal Delivery to the Central Nervous System
Illum, L. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118788523.ch25 · Cited by 14
Metabolic neuroimaging of the brain in diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemia
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“Although the mechanisms underlying this sex related dissimilarity are not known, it is documented that male and female animal models as well as human subjects respond substantially different to administered leptin [11,12].”
BackgroundBrain Insulin and Leptin Signaling in Metabolic Control
Scherer, T., Lehnert, H., & Hallschmid, M. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.11.002 · Cited by 11
Self-citationMechanisms Driving Palmitate-Mediated Neuronal Dysregulation in the Hypothalamus
Lieu, C. V., Loganathan, N., & Belsham, D. D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10113120 · Cited by 12
“Insulin is an anorexigenic hormone, and its hypothalamic actions lead to reduced food intake, and ultimately body weight, in rodents and primates [45,46].”
BackgroundHormone-based therapies in the regulation of fuel metabolism and body weight
Kesty, N. C., Roth, J. D., & Maggs, D. G. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.8.11.1733 · Cited by 12
“In a placebo-controlled clinical trial, intranasal insulin delivery resulted in reductions in body weight in men [19] .”
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Central insulin sensitivity in male and female juvenile rats
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Intranasal Insulin Boosts Gustatory Sensitivity
Rodriguez‐Raecke, R., Yang, H., Brünner, Y. F., & Freiherr, J. (2016) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12449 · Cited by 11
“Insulin has anabolic effects in the periphery and negatively regulates blood glucose levels, but in the brain it serves catabolic functions due to its role as a satiety signal during the regulation of food intake, thereby reducing subsequent food-intake in normal-weight male subjects (5,6).”
BackgroundThe 6th Annual World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-zb09 · Cited by 11
“Although intranasal insulin, which may be transported via olfactory neurons, reduces body fat when administered over a period of months (52), there is central insulin resistance in obesity, so it would not appear to be effective given alone as an obesity treatment.”
BackgroundRepurposing GLP1 agonists for neurodegenerative diseases
Markaki, I., Winther, K., Catrina, S., & Svenningsson, P. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.007 · Cited by 11
Role of Olfaction for Eating Behavior
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Inconsistencies in the hypophagic action of intracerebroventricular insulin in mice
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Involvement of neuropeptide CART in the central effects of insulin on feeding and body weight
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hallschmid, M., Benedict, C., Schultes, B., Fehm, H.-L., Born, J., & Kern, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Institute of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2004-11-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3024-3029
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2157247104
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- intranasal insulin, fat loss, sex differences, leptin, waist circumference, plasma leptin, extracellular water, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Administration, Intranasal, Body Weight, Extracellular Space, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Placebos, Reference Values, Sex Characteristics, Body Mass Index
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