Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin
Abstract
CONTEXT: Brain insulin is critically involved in the regulation of body weight and memory processing. Long-term administration of intranasal insulin reduces body weight in men, but not in women, while improving hippocampus-dependent memory processing in both genders. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to assess the effects of a single dose of intranasal insulin on food intake and memory function in men and women, and to determine any gender differences. METHODS: A total of 32 healthy, normal-weight subjects (14 men, 18 women) were intranasally administered 160 IU regular human insulin or vehicle before performing a hippocampus-dependent two-dimensional-object location task, a working memory task (digit span), and a hippocampus-independent mirror tracing task. Subsequently, food intake from an ad libitum breakfast buffet was measured. RESULTS: Insulin treatment decreased food intake in men but not in women (difference to placebo condition, men: -192.57 +/- 78.48 kcal, P < 0.03; women: 18.54 +/- 42.89 kcal, P > 0.67). In contrast, hippocampus-dependent memory and working memory were improved in women (P < 0.03, P < 0.05, respectively), whereas men did not benefit from acute insulin treatment (P > 0.17, P > 0.20). Performance on the hippocampus-independent mirror tracing task was not affected by insulin in women or men. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with animal data, results indicate that men are more sensitive than women to the acute anorexigenic effect of central nervous insulin signaling, whereas insulin's beneficial effect on hippocampus-dependent memory functions is more pronounced in women. Our findings provide support for the notion of a fundamental gender difference in central nervous insulin signaling that pertains to the regulation of energy homeostasis and memory functions.
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Intranasal insulin delivery to the human brain reduced food intake in lean men but not in women.
“In line with these findings, intranasal insulin delivery to the human brain reduced food intake in lean men but not in women24.”
From Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental studies suggest considerable sex differences in brain insulin sensitivity.
“Of note, experimental studies suggest considerable sex differences in brain insulin sensitivity.”
From Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
The free-choice ad libitum test buffet enables precise assessment of primarily hunger-driven food intake in the fasted state.
“This procedure has been repeatedly shown to enable the precise assessment of primarily hunger-driven food intake in the fasted state (20–22).”
From Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
Simple nasal atomisers have been proven to reliably trigger functional effects in healthy humans.
“simple nasal atomisers, 37 which have been proven to reliably trigger functional effects in healthy humans”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Fasted men ate less after IN insulin 160 IU compared to placebo, whereas women consumed similar amounts of food in both conditions.
“fasted men ate less after IN insulin (160 IU) compared to placebo administration, whereas women consumed similar amounts of food from the breakfast buffet on offer in both conditions.”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Delivery schedules synced to food intake might be necessary for the catabolic impact of IN insulin to emerge.
“suggesting that delivery schedules synced to food intake 39,42,44,47 might be necessary for the catabolic impact of IN insulin to emerge.”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
IN insulin improves memory function in healthy humans and in individuals with memory impairments.
“The improving effect of IN insulin on memory function has been demonstrated in studies in healthy humans, [38][39][40]45,72 as well as individuals with memory impairments.[74][75][76][104][105][106][107]”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Women, but not men, improved performance on declarative and working memory tasks after receiving 160 IU insulin vs placebo.
“women, but not men, improved their performance on declarative and working memory tasks after receiving 160 IU of insulin vs. placebo.39”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
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Hallschmid, M. (2021) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00781-x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Insulin in the nervous system and the mind: Functions in metabolism, memory, and mood
Lee, S.-H., Zabolotny, J. M., Huang, H., Lee, H., & Kim, Y.-B. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.011 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“In normal weight adults, intranasal insulin (160 IU) acutely decreased food intake in men, however body weight was not altered under these conditions in pre or post menopausal women [72,73].”
BackgroundZhang, H., Hao, Y., Manor, B., Novak, P., Milberg, W., Zhang, J., Fang, J., & Novak, V. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1000 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Cognitive assessment on insulin versus placebo (days 2 and 3) was performed after MRI scan and had to be completed within 2 h after drug administration because of insulin pharmacokinetics (8,21,22).”
MethodBrain Insulin Signaling and Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Schiöth, H. B., Craft, S., Brooks, S. J., Frey, W. H., & Benedict, C. (2011) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-011-8229-6 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“While the delayed onset of insulin's action on memory points to the involvement of more gradual plastic processes determining neuronal function, recent data also indicate that a single dose of intranasal insulin acutely improves hippocampus-dependent memory in both young [9] and middle-aged [35] women.”
ResultIntranasal delivery of neurotrophic factors BDNF, CNTF, EPO, and NT-4 to the CNS
Alcala, S. R., Lee, M. S., Hanson, L. R., McDonald, A. A., Frey, W. H., & McLoon, L. K. (2009) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/10611860903318134 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“However, recent studies demonstrate intranasal delivery to the CNS occurs in nonhuman primates (Thorne et al, 2008; Yamada et al., 2008) and humans (Hallschmid et al., 2004; Benedict et al., 2008), supporting the potential clinical relevance of this approach.”
BackgroundIntranasal Insulin Suppresses Food Intake via Enhancement of Brain Energy Levels in Humans
Jauch‐Chara, K., Friedrich, A., Rezmer, M., Melchert, U. H., Scholand-Engler, H. G., Hallschmid, M., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0025 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“serum insulin levels accompanied by a slight drop in plasma glucose (7,21).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffect of Intranasal Insulin on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review
Shemesh, E., Rudich, A., Harman-Boehm, I., & Cukierman-Yaffe, T. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1802 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Strategies To Deliver Peptide Drugs to the Brain
Lalatsa, A., Schätzlein, A. G., & Uchegbu, I. F. (2014) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp400680d · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Insulin resistance and pathological brain ageing
Cholerton, B., Baker, L. D., & Craft, S. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03464.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Intranasal insulin as a therapeutic option in the treatment of cognitive impairments
Benedict, C., Frey, W. H., Schiöth, H. B., Schultes, B., Jan Born, A., & Hallschmid, M. (2010) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.026 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Recent data indicate that the memoryimproving effects of acutely administered insulin are more pronounced in women than in men, pointing to the potential relevance of gender differences in the emergence of central nervous insulin effects (Benedict et al., 2008).”
Insulin Modulates Food-Related Activity in the Central Nervous System
Guthoff, M., Grichisch, Y., Canova, C., Tschritter, O., Veit, R., Hallschmid, M., Häring, H., Preissl, H. T., Hennige, A. M., & Fritsche, A. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1677 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Insulin and Alzheimer's Disease: Untangling the Web
Craft, S., Cholerton, B., & Baker, L. D. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-129042 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Several studies have reported that two months of daily insulin administration (4×40 IU/day) significantly improves verbal memory and enhanced mood in young healthy adults [Stockhorst et al, unpublished results, [79–82]].”
Stein, M. S., Scherer, S. C., Ladd, K. S., & Harrison, L. C. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110149 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“On the other hand, nasal insulin, which enters the CSF [9] but not the systemic circulation without absorption promoting agents [10], improves word recall and mood in healthy volunteers [11–13] and declarative memory in AD [14, 15], but the studies of nasal insulin in AD have”
BackgroundInsulin action in the brain regulates both central and peripheral functions
Agrawal, R., Reno, C. M., Sharma, S., CHRISTENSEN, C. G., Huang, Y., & Fisher, S. J. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00642.2020 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ott, V., Benedict, C., Schultes, B., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M. (2012) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01490.x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“by promoting weight gain in the form of muscle and fat mass [73,74], IN and ICV insulin administration in humans and animals, respectively, induces catabolic effects by reducing food intake [19,23] and as a consequence body fat content [20,21] particularly in the male organism [21–23].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIntranasal drug targeting of hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) to the central nervous system
Dhuria, S. V., Hanson, L. R., & Frey, W. H. (2008) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.21604 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Cheke, L. G., Bonnici, H. M., Clayton, N. S., & Simons, J. S. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.013 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…(while keeping glucose levels stable) has been found to improve hippocampal-dependant (word-list) memory (Kern et al., 1999), and such findings have been reflected in trials using intranasal infusions of insulin (Benedict et al., 2004, 2008; Hallschmid et al., 2008; Stockhorst et al., 2004).”
Benedict, C., Brede, S., Schiöth, H. B., Lehnert, H., Schultes, B., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0329 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Notably, intranasal insulin reduces food intake (9) and body fat content (10) in healthy men, indicating that following intranasal administration, the hormone accesses neuronal networks relevant for energy homeostasis.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationObesity – A neuropsychological disease? Systematic review and neuropsychological model
Jauch‐Chara, K., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.001 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin Ameliorates Tau Hyperphosphorylation in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Yang, Y., Ma, D., Wang, Y., Jiang, T., Hu, S., Zhang, M., Yu, X., & Gong, C. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121294 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Because insulin enhances hippocampusdependent learning and memory, intranasal insulin has been used in several small clinical trials that have yielded beneficial outcomes [30, 31].”
BackgroundSex and race differences in caloric intake during sleep restriction in healthy adults
Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.086579 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance Exacerbates Alzheimer Disease via Multiple Mechanisms
Wei, Z.-H., Koya, J., & Reznik, S. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.687157 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 as Neuroprotectants in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Lioutas, V., Alfaro-Martinez, F., Bedoya, F. J., Chung, C., Maldonado, D. P., & Novak, V. (2015) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-015-0409-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Binge Drinking Induces Whole-Body Insulin Resistance by Impairing Hypothalamic Insulin Action
Lindtner, C., Scherer, T., Zieliński, E., Filatova, N., Faßhauer, M., Tonks, N. K., Puchowicz, M., & Buettner, C. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3005123 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Because there are gender differences in brain insulin action in mice and humans (22, 37), we first tested whether insulin delivered directly to the MBH suppressed hGP and lipolysis in female SD rats as we and others have reported for male SD rats (10, 11).”
Hallschmid, M. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12934 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Kullmann, S., Frank, S., Heni, M., Ketterer, C., Veit, R., Häring, H.-U., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. (2013) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000341406 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Safety of intranasal human insulin: A review
Schmid, V., Kullmann, S., Gfrörer, W., Hund, V., Hallschmid, M., Lipp, H., Häring, H., Preissl, H., Fritsche, A., & Heni, M. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13279 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Dash, S., Xiao, C., Morgantini, C., Koulajian, K., & Lewis, G. F. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0685 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“In human studies of INI, an acute reduction in appetite was reported after a single dose in men (10), with a reduction in postprandial satiety and intake of palatable food in women (11).”
BackgroundRodriguez, M., Lapierre, J., Ojha, C. R., Kaushik, A. K., Batrakova, E. V., Kashanchi, F., Dever, S. M., Nair, M., & El‐Hage, N. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01819-9 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance
Ono, H. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20061317 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“When insulin is sprayed into the nostrils of humans, food intake [5] and endogenous glucose production [6] are both suppressed.”
BackgroundHiggs, S., Spetter, M. S., Thomas, J. M., Rotshtein, P., Lee, M. D., Hallschmid, M., & Dourish, C. T. (2017) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117736917 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“For example, intranasal insulin improves declarative memory and working memory in humans (Benedict et al., 2004, 2008; Hallschmid et al., 2008, 2012; Stockhorst et al., 2004).”
BackgroundIntranasal insulin in Alzheimer's disease: Food for thought
Chapman, C. D., Schiöth, H. B., Grillo, C. A., & Benedict, C. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.037 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…the vast majority of studies dealing with effects of intranasal insulin on memory in cognitively healthy humans did not report adverse effects, except for some reporting transient drops in plasma glucose (Benedict et al., 2008) and an acute elevation of blood pressure (Benedict et al., 2005).”
Sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease: Understanding the molecular impact
Toro, C. A., Zhang, L., Cao, J., & Cai, D. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.031 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Laron, Z. (2009) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813450902949012 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“As the intranasal administration of insulin also produced metabolic changes, dropping plasma glucose levels (Benedict et al., 2008), it is uncertain to what extent the cognitive effect is due to a direct insulin action.”
BackgroundBenedict, C., & Grillo, C. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00215 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Interestingly, single dose intranasal insulin reduces food intake in healthy normal-weight males but not in females; conversely, hippocampus-dependent memory and working memory were improved in females, but not in males (Benedict et al., 2008).”
BackgroundNon-Invasive Strategies for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery.
Ja, T., Quispe, R. C., Khan, F., & Новак (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Role of Insulin Resistance in the Alzheimer's Disease Progression
Nguyen, T. T., Ta, Q. T. H., Nguyen, T. T. D., Le, T. T. H., & Giau, V. V. (2020) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-020-03031-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Stress disrupts context-dependent memoryPreprint
Schwabe, L., Böhringer, A., & Wolf, O. T. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1257509 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Similar to other authors who used the same object-location task (Rasch et al. 2007; Benedict et al. 2008), we suggest that accuracy parameters are more sensitive to the influence of memory modulators, such as stress, than speed parameters.”
ResultSchmidt, H., Kern, W., Giese, R. M., Hallschmid, M., & Enders, A. (2008) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2008.062141 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Intranasal insulin administration improves declarative memory in healthy subjects and patients with Alzheimer’s disease [7-12].”
BackgroundKullmann, S., Heni, M., Veit, R., Scheffler, K., Machann, J., Häring, H., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01907-w · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Stern, S. A., Chen, D. Y., & Alberini, C. M. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.029348.112 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“In line with this hypothesis, more persistent memory-enhancing effects of insulin, and specifically on memories relying on hippocampal functions such as declarative memories, have been reported in human with prolonged intranasal administrations, whereas nondeclarative memories, such as wordstem priming, were found to…”
BackgroundWu, H., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Tong, L., Wang, F., Song, S., Xu, L., Liu, B., Yan, H., & Sun, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.717192 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“…the greatest TLS were as follows: Illum L (Illum, 2000; Illum, 2003), Thorne RG (Thorne and Frey, 2001; Thorne et al., 2004), Dhuria SV (Dhuria et al., 2009; Dhuria et al., 2010), Benedict C (Benedict et al., 2004; Benedict et al., 2008), and Born J (Benedict et al., 2004; Hallschmid et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHallschmid, M., & Schultes, B. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1501-x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“These controversial findings do not permit solid conclusions regarding a sex-related difference in central nervous processing of adiposity signals, although, in accordance with this assumption, intranasal insulin acutely reduces test buffet consumption in men but not in women [19].”
BackgroundResultGruber, J., Hanßen, R., Qubad, M., Bouzouina, A., Schack, V., Sochor, H., Schiweck, C., Aichholzer, M., Matura, S., Slattery, D. A., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105179 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Repetitive electric brain stimulation reduces food intake in humans
Jauch‐Chara, K., Kistenmacher, A., Herzog, N., Schwarz, M., Schweiger, U., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.075481 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Maimaiti, S., Anderson, K. L., DeMoll, C., Brewer, L. D., Rauh, B. A., Gant, J. C., Blalock, E. M., Porter, N. M., & Thibault, O. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu314 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Clearly, the memory enhancing effects of insulin are depend on treatment regimen (acute vs subchronic), but also on the age and gender of the subject (73), as well as on the insulin formulation used (52,74).”
BackgroundIntranasal insulin therapy for cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration: current state of the art
de la Monte, S. M. (2013) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.2013.856877 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Men were found to be more sensitive than women to appetite/anorexogenic and metabolic effects of intranasal insulin [69,74], while both premenopausal and postmenopausal women were found to be more sensitive to insulin stimulation of hippocampus-dependent memory functions [74,75].”
Schilling, T. M., de Sá, D. S. F., Westerhausen, R., Strelzyk, F., Larra, M. F., Hallschmid, M., Savaskan, E., Oitzl, M. S., Busch, H., Naumann, E., et al. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22304 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Although intranasal insulin provokes a decrease in food intake in men, hunger ratings do not seem to reflect this tendency, suggesting that the acute anorexigenic effects of central insulin are mediated by satiation signals but not by motivation to eat or a conscious behavioral process [Benedict et al., 2008].”
BackgroundResultHölscher, C. (2014) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Deregulation of brain insulin signaling in Alzheimer’s disease
Chen, Y., Deng, Y., Zhang, B., & Gong, C. (2014) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-013-1408-x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Besides, insulin signaling is associated with the regulation of memory and cognition, modulation of tau phosphorylation, APP expression and Aβ clearance, and cerebral glucose metabolism([58-67]).”
BackgroundGlucagon-like peptide 1 in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of clinical obesity
Anandhakrishnan, A., & Korbonits, M. (2016) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i20.572 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Effects of Intranasal Insulin on Hepatic Fat Accumulation and Energy Metabolism in Humans
Gancheva, S., Koliaki, C., Bierwagen, A., Nowotny, P., Heni, M., Fritsche, A., Häring, H.-U., Szendroedi, J., & Roden, M. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0892 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“All participants were studied using identical protocols on 2 study days spaced by at least 7 days, except for the intranasal administration of insulin or placebo at time 0 (18).”
MethodResultGLP-1 receptor agonists show neuroprotective effects in animal models of diabetes
Gault, V. A., & Hölscher, C. (2018) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“In clinical trials, verbal and spatial memory was improved after administration of a single dose of insulin (Benedict et al., 2008; Krug et al., 2010).”
Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging
Bhusal, A., Rahman, M. H., & Suk, K. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-021-04019-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The exogenous administration of insulin in the brain might act on these receptors and reduce food intake, body weight [156], and endogenous glucose production [157].”
BackgroundYu, I.-C. I., Lin, H., Liu, N.-C., Sparks, J. D., Yeh, S., Fang, L., Chen, L., & Chang, C. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0135 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Moreover, a single dose of insulin reduces food intake in men, but not in women (15).”
BackgroundDose-Dependent Effects of Intranasal Insulin on Resting-State Brain Activity
Kullmann, S., Veit, R., Peter, A., Pohmann, R., Scheffler, K., Häring, H.-U., Fritsche, A., Preissl, H., & Heni, M. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01976 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Krug, R., Benedict, C., Jan Born, A., & Hallschmid, M. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0744 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Role of Insulin in Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration: A Review
Shaughness, M., Acs, D., Brabazon, F., Hockenbury, N., & Byrnes, K. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.547175 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Women demonstrated improved hippocampus-dependent memory and working memory with intranasal insulin, while men did not (Benedict et al., 2008).”
BackgroundState of the science on brain insulin resistance and cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease
Rhea, E. M., Leclerc, M., Yassine, H. N., Capuano, A. W., Tong, H., Petyuk, V. A., Macauley, S. L., Fioramonti, X., Carmichael, O., Calon, F., et al. (2023) · Aging and disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.0814 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Furthermore, there is a differential sensitivity to INL insulin between men and women [210, 238] and sex differences in brain insulin signaling have been noted [224].”
BackgroundCentral Insulin Administration Improves Odor-Cued Reactivation of Spatial Memory in Young Men
Brünner, Y. F., Kofoet, A., Benedict, C., & Freiherr, J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3018 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Since insulin possesses anorexigenic properties in humans (6), both food, as well as nonfood odors, were utilized as memory cues.”
MethodPeptides as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease
Ribarič, S. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23020283 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
- Authors
- Benedict, C., Kern, W., Schultes, B., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Kantonsspital St. Gallen (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Benedict, Christian
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1339-1344
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2046140771
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- 10th European Congress of Endocrinology
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- intranasal insulin, sex differences, dietary intake, anorectic effect, hippocampal-dependent memory, working memory, mirror tracing, energy homeostasis, memory enhancement
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Blood Glucose, Eating, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Insulin, Male, Memory, Sex Characteristics, Signal Transduction
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