CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 105Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyReligion and Society InteractionsHealth disparities and outcomes

C-Reactive Protein, Diabetes, and Attendance at Religious Services

Open access
King, Dana E., Mainous, Arch G., Pearson, William S.·2002·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/diacare.25.7.1172
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE—Previous studies have shown an association between attendance at religious services and health, particularly cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. People with diabetes have higher risk of cardiovascular mortality and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels than people without diabetes. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between religious attendance and CRP in people with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This study used cross-sectional survey and examination of a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged ≥40 years, derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988–1994 (n = 10,059). There were 556 people with diabetes. The primary outcome measure was the presence of elevated CRP. RESULTS—There were no differences between people with diabetes compared with people without diabetes in the percentage of those who attended religious services (62.29 vs. 62.0%, P = 0.36). Religious service nonattenders with diabetes were more likely than attenders to have an elevated CRP (odds ratio [OR] 2.17 [95% CI 1.15–4.09]). In people without diabetes, the association between attendance and CRP was not significant (P > 0.05). Among people with diabetes, after adjusting for demographic variables, health status, smoking, social support, mobility, and BMI, the association between religious attendance and CRP remained significant for respondents with diabetes (1.90 [1.03–3.51]). CONCLUSIONS—These findings revealed that people with diabetes who have not attended religious services in the previous year are more likely to have elevated levels of CRP. Further research should be conducted to evaluate this association to improve our understanding of the psychological and religious factors that influence diabetes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/diacare.25.7.1172

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Of 16 cardiovascular function studies, 11 (69%) reported that R/S was significantly related to positive cardiovascular functions or outcomes or to lower levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and fibrinogen.

    “Of those, 11 studies (69%) reported that R/S was significantly related to positive cardiovascular functions or outcomes [367–374] or to lower levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein [375–377] and fibrinogen [378] that place individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease.”

    From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [369]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
King, D. E., Mainous, A. G., & Pearson, W. S.
Affiliations
Medical University of South Carolina (US)
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2002-07-01
Volume
25
Issue
7
Pages
1172-1176
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/diacare.25.7.1172
OpenAlex
W2104963693
Cited by
105
References
32
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 6
FWCI
2.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Health Resources and Services Administration
  • U.S. Public Health Service (1D12HP00023-01)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords
C-reactive protein, religious service attendance, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, cardiovascular risk, social support, older adults
MeSH terms
Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Religion, Smoking, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review