Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 427

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Nondiabetic American Indians

Open access
Resnick, Helaine E., Jones, Kristina, Ruotolo, Giacomo, Jain, Arvind K., Henderson, Jeffrey, Lu, Weiquan, Howard, Barbara V.·2003·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/diacare.26.3.861
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE—Insulin resistance (IR) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) are associated with type 2 diabetes and adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor profiles. Whether IR and MS predict CVD independently of diabetes and other CVD risk factors is not known. This study examines whether IR and/or presence of MS are independently associated with CVD in nondiabetic American Indians (AI). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined 2,283 nondiabetic AI who were free of CVD at the baseline examination of the Strong Heart Study (SHS). CVD risk factors were measured, IR was quantified using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and MS as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) was assessed for each participant. Incident CVD and diabetes were ascertained during follow-up. RESULTS—MS was present in 798 individuals (35%), and 181 participants (7.9%) developed CVD over 7.6 ± 1.8 years of follow-up. Age, BMI, waist circumference, and triglyceride levels increased and HDL cholesterol decreased across tertiles of HOMA-IR. Risk of diabetes increased as a function of baseline HOMA-IR (6.3, 14.6, and 30.1%; P < 0.001) and MS (12.8 vs. 24.5%). In Cox models adjusted for CVD risk factors, risk of CVD did not increase either as a function of baseline HOMA-IR or MS, but individual CVD risk factors predicted subsequent CVD. CONCLUSIONS—Among nondiabetic AI in the SHS, HOMA-IR and MS both predict diabetes, but neither predicts CVD independently of other established CVD risk factors.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/diacare.26.3.861

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Research works printed but not linked: 29

  1. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Krolewski AS, Rosner B, Arky RA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH: A prospective study of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch Intern Med 151: 1141–1147, 1991 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Kleinman JC, Donahue RP, Harris MI, Finucane FF, Madans JH, Brock DB: Mortality among diabetics in a national sample. Am J Epidemiol 128:389–401, 1988 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Howard BV, Robbins DC, Sievers ML, Lee ET, Rhoades D, Devereux RB, Cowan LD, Gray RS, Welty TK, Go OT, Howard WJ: LDL cholesterol as a strong predictor of coronary heart disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and low LDL: the Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:830–835, 2000 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Howard BV, Lee ET, Cowan LD, Devereux RB, Galloway JM, Go OT, Howard WJ, Rhoades ER, Robbins DC, Sievers ML, Welty TK: Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation 99:2389–2395, 1999 · DOI
  5. Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kannell WB: Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population: sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes 23:105–111, 1974 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Lee ET, Howard BV, Savage PJ, Cowan LD, Fabsitz RR, Oopik AJ, Yeh J, Go O, Robbins DC, Welty TK: Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in three American Indian populations aged 45–74 years: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 18:599–610, 1995 · DOI
  7. Lillioja S, Bogardus C: Obesity and insulin resistance: lessons learned from the Pima Indians. Diabetes Metab Rev 4:517–540, 1988 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Selby JV, D’Agostino RB, Haffner SM, Sholinsky P, Bergman R, Saad MF, Hamman RF: Insulin sensitivity and abdominal obesity in African-American, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women: the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes 45:1547–1555, 1996 · DOI
  9. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP: Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 41:715–722, 1992 · DOI
  10. Festa A, D’Agostino R, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Hales CN, Howard BV, Haffner SM: LDL particle size in relation to insulin, proinsulin, and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 22:1688–1693, 1999 · DOI
  11. Festa A, D’Agostino R, Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM: Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 102:42–47, 2000 · DOI · Paper page
  12. National Institutes of Health: Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Washington, DC, US Govt. Printing Office, 2001 (NIH publ. no. 01–3670) · DOI · Paper page
  13. Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz R, Cowan LD, Lee NA, Oopik AJ, Cucchiara AJ, Savage PJ, Howard BV: The Strong Heart Study: a study of cardiovascular disease in American Indians: design and methods. Am J Epidemiol 132:1141–1155, 1990 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Howard BV, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Cowan LD, Oopik AJ, Le NA, Yeh J, Savage PJ, Lee ET: Risk factors for coronary heart disease in diabetic and nondiabetic Native Americans: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes 41(Suppl. 2):4–11, 1992 · DOI
  15. Howard BV, Lee ET, Cowan LD, Fabsitz RR, Howard WJ, Oopik AJ, Robbins DC, Savage PJ, Yeh JL, Welty TK: Coronary heart disease prevalence and its relation to risk factors in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 142:254–268, 1995 · DOI
  16. Morgan C, Lazarow A: Immunoassay of insulin: two antibody system: plasma insulin levels in normal, subdiabetic and diabetic rats. Diabetes 12:115–126, 1963 · DOI
  17. Von Clauss A: Gerinnungsphysiologische scnell-methode zur bestimmung des fibrinogens. Acta Haematol 17:237–246, 1957 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Haffner SM, Kennedy E, Gonzales C, Stern MP, Miettienen H: A prospective analysis of the HOMA model: the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 19:1138–1141, 1996 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Pacini G, Bergman RN: MINMOD: a computer program to calculate insulin sensitivity and pancreatic responsivity from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 23:113–122, 1986 · DOI · Paper page
  20. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197, 1997 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Howard G, O’Leary DH, Zaccaro D, Haffner S, Rewers M, Hamman R, Selby JV, Saad MF, Savage P, Bergman R: Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis (IRAS) Investigators. Circulation 93:1809–1817, 1996 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Arad Y, Newstein D, Cadet F, Roth M, Guerci AD: Association of multiple risk factors and insulin resistance with increased prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease by and electron-beam computed tomographic study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 12:2051–2058, 2001 · DOI
  23. Howard BV, Gray RS: Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. In The Diabetes Annual 12. Marshall SM, Home PD, Rizza RA, Eds. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science, 1999, p. 305–316
  24. Bonora E, Formentini G, Calcaterra F, Lombardi S, Marini F, Zenari L, Sagiani F, Poli M, Perbellini S, Reffaelli A, Cacciatori V, Santi L, Targher G, Bonadonna R, Muggeo M: HOMA-estimated insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 25:1135–1141, 2002 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Hanley AJG, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 25:1177–1184, 2002 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M: Cardiovascular risk factors clustering with endogenous hyperinsulinaemia predict death from coronary heart disease in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetologia 43:148–155, 2000 · DOI
  27. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 287:356–359, 2002 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Resnick HE: Metabolic syndrome in American Indians (Letter). Diabetes Care 25:1246–1247, 2002 · DOI
  29. Sievers ML, Fisher JR: Diseases of North American Indians. In Biocultural Aspects of Disease. Rothschild HR, Ed. New York, Academic Press, 1981, p. 191–252

Cited by

See all 427

Metadata

Authors
Resnick, H. E., Jones, K., Ruotolo, G., Jain, A. K., Henderson, J., Lu, W., & Howard, B. V.
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2003-03-01
Volume
26
Issue
3
Pages
861-867
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/diacare.26.3.861
OpenAlex
W1979821633
Cited by
427
References
5
FWCI
24.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Nondiabetic American Indians. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2337/diacare.26.3.861
The paper
Resnick, H. E., Jones, K., Ruotolo, G., Jain, A. K., Henderson, J., Lu, W., & Howard, B. V. (2003). Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Nondiabetic American Indians. Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.861

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.