MINMOD: a computer program to calculate insulin sensitivity and pancreatic responsivity from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test
Abstract
Insulin sensitivity and pancreatic responsivity are the two main factors controlling glucose tolerance. We have proposed a method for measuring these two factors, using computer analysis of a frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). This 'minimal modelling approach' fits two mathematical models with FSIGT glucose and insulin data: one of glucose disappearance and one of insulin kinetics. MINMOD is the computer program which identifies the model parameters for each individual. A nonlinear least squares estimation technique is used, employing a gradient-type of estimation algorithm, and the first derivatives (not known analytically) are computed according to the 'sensitivity approach'. The program yields the parameter estimates and the precision of their estimation. From the model parameters, it is possible to extract four indices: SG, the ability of glucose per se to enhance its own disappearance at basal insulin, SI, the tissue insulin sensitivity index, phi 1, first phase pancreatic responsivity, and phi 2, second phase pancreatic responsivity. These four characteristic parameters have been shown to represent an integrated metabolic portrait of a single individual.
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The concept of a compartment remote from plasma is not new in mathematical models of glucose metabolism, being used in the original Minimal Model and more recently in other models.
“the concept of a compartment remote from plasma is not new in mathematical models of glucose metabolism, being used as an example in the well-known original Minimal Model (for the assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness from an IVGTT) (50), and more recently in other models, such as our model for the assessment of non-esterified fatty acids kinetics (51).”
From Mathematical Model of Glucagon Kinetics for the Assessment of Insulin-Mediated Glucagon Inhibition During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Pacini, G., & Bergman, R. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pacini, Giovanni
- Venue
- Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1986-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113-122
- ISSN
- 0169-2607 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015391533
- Cited by
- 695
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01am029867-04, 5r01am027619-05)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- insulin sensitivity, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, glucose disappearance, insulin kinetics, glucose tolerance, first-phase insulin response, second-phase insulin response, nonlinear least squares estimation, parameter estimation
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Models, Biological, Pancreas, Software
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