Targeting diabetes distress: The missing piece of the successful type 1 diabetes management puzzle
Open accessAbstract
Type 1 diabetes remains an incurable lifelong condition. It is also a disorder that impinges relentlessly, and often unpredictably, on patients' lives, every hour of every day. Insulin requirements and glucose profiles may vary on a day-to-day basis depending on many factors. Therefore, type 1 diabetes therapy must be reviewed and adjusted frequently to achieve and maintain acceptable long-term glucose control. Given the complexity of the condition, it is not surprising that living and coping with type 1 diabetes require patients' lifelong commitment and personal responsibility for health and behaviors. Yet, despite the best of intentions and notwithstanding advances in diabetes treatments and the generally high quality of diabetes care, the majority of patients with type 1 diabetes are not reaching glycemic targets (A1C < 7% based on the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial [DCCT] of type 1 diabetes).1,2 In the DCCT, 44.3% of intensively treated patients and only 4.3% of those in the conventional treatment group had a mean A1C value ≤ 7%.1 Calvert et al.2 reported that the median proportion of people with type 1 diabetes achieving an A1C of ≤ 7.5% in the United Kingdom was 25.8% (interquartile range 20.0–32.5%). Although flexible insulin regimens offer patients a greater chance of meeting treatment targets, these regimens also place significantly more demands on patients. Importantly, many adults with type 1 diabetes experience psychological difficulties associated with their disease3,4 that often are unrecognized, unaddressed, or mismanaged and that hinder patients from better adhering to multiple self-care tasks and achieving adequate glucose control.5,6 The clinical importance of addressing psychological distress related to type 1 diabetes with its consequences as a serious health issue is highlighted by the recognition that type 1 diabetes is a contributing factor to both depression and …
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Diabetes distress can include diabetes-specific behavioral symptoms that can directly relate to higher glucose levels and increase the risk for future health complications.
“Diabetes distress can also include diabetes-specific behavioral symptoms such as suboptimal treatment engagement or maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., guessing an insulin dose to avoid checking glucose) that can directly relate to higher glucose levels and increase the risk for future health complications [3–5].”
From A nonrandomized pilot of a group, video-based telehealth intervention to reduce diabetes distress in parents of youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013
American Diabetes Association (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-s011 · Cited by 4,369 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926 · see citing works
Assessing Psychosocial Distress in Diabetes
Polonsky, W. H., Fisher, L., Earles, J., Dudl, R. J., Lees, J., Mullan, J., & Jackson, R. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.626 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Assessment of Diabetes-Related Distress
Polonsky, W. H., Anderson, B. J., Lohrer, P. A., Welch, G., Jacobson, A. M., Aponte, J. E., & Schwartz, C. E. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.754 · Cited by 1,497 · see citing works
National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education
Funnell, M. M., Brown, T. L., Childs, B. P., Haas, L. B., Hosey, G. M., Jensen, B., Maryniuk, M. D., Peyrot, M. F., Piette, J. D., Reader, D., et al. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-s087 · Cited by 1,348 · see citing works
Booth, G. L., & CHENG, A. Y. Y. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.010 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
Depression and Diabetes Treatment Nonadherence: A Meta-Analysis
Gonzalez, J. S., Peyrot, M., McCarl, L. A., Collins, E. M., Serpa, L., Mimiaga, M. J., & Safren, S. A. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1341 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
CHENG, A. Y. Y. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.009 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Fisher, L., Mullan, J. T., Arean, P., Glasgow, R. E., Hessler, D., & Masharani, U. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1238 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
(2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.193 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Development of a brief diabetes distress screening instrument
Fisher, L., Glasgow, R. E., Mullan, J. T., Skaff, M. M., & Polonsky, W. H. (2008) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.842 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Snoek, F. J., Pouwer, F., Welch, G. W., & Polonsky, W. H. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.9.1305 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Schabert, J., Browne, J. L., Mosely, K., & Speight, J. (2013) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-012-0001-0 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Depression in diabetes: have we been missing something important?
Gonzalez, J. S., Fisher, L., & Polonsky, W. H. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1970 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education
Funnell, M. M., Brown, T. L., Childs, B. P., Haas, L. B., Hosey, G. M., Jensen, B., Maryniuk, M. D., Peyrot, M. F., Piette, J. D., Reader, D., et al. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-s089 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Snoek, F. J., Kersch, N. Y. A., Eldrup, E., Harman‐Boehm, I., Hermanns, N., Kokoszka, A., Matthews, D. R., McGuire, B. E., Pibernik-Okanović, M., Singer, J., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1552 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Van Bastelaar, K. M. P., Pouwer, F., Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M., Tack, C. J., Bazelmans, E., Beekman, A. T., Heine, R. J., & Snoek, F. J. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03025.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
What’s distressing about having type 1 diabetes? A qualitative study of young adults’ perspectives
Balfe, M., Doyle, F., Smith, D., Sreenan, S., Brugha, R., Hevey, D., & Conroy, R. M. (2013) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-13-25 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Prevalence and associations of psychological distress in young adults with Type 1 diabetes
Hislop, A. L., Fegan, P. G., Schlaeppi, M. J., Duck, M., & Yeap, B. B. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02310.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Calvert, M., Shankar, A., McManus, R. J., Lester, H. E., & Freemantle, N. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b1870 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Measurement of Emotional Adjustment in Diabetic Patients: Validity and Reliability of ATT39
Dunn, S. M., Smartt, H. H., Beeney, L. J., & Turtle, J. R. (1986) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.9.5.480 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Lloyd, C. E., Pambianco, G., & Orchard, T. J. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02896.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Amsberg, S., Anderbro, T., Wredling, R., Lisspers, J., Lins, P.-E., Adamson, U., & Johansson, U.-B. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.01.015 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Correlates of hypoglycemic fear in Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus.
Polonsky, W. H., Davis, C. L., Jacobson, A. M., & Anderson, B. J. (1992) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.11.3.199 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire on Stress in patients with Diabetes--Revised (QSD-R).
Herschback, P., Duran, G., Waadt, S., Zettler, A., Amm, C., Marten-Mittag, B., & Strian, F. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.16.2.171 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Correlates of hypoglycemic fear in Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus.
Polonsky, W. H., Davis, C. L., Jacobson, A. M., & Anderson, B. J. (1992) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.11.3.199 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Diabetes distress in Type 1 diabetes—a new measurement fit for purpose
Joensen, L. E., Tapager, I., & Willaing, I. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12241 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Transitions in care: support group for young adults with Type 1 diabetes
Markowitz, J. T., & Laffel, L. M. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03537.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Monitoring of Individual Needs in Diabetes (MIND)-2
Snoek, F. J., Kersch, N. Y. A., Eldrup, E., Harman‐Boehm, I., Hermanns, N., Kokoszka, A., Matthews, D. R., McGuire, B. E., Pibernik-Okanović, M., Singer, J., et al. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1326 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire on Stress in patients with Diabetes—Revised (QSD-R).
Herschbach, P., Duran, G., Waadt, S., et al. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.16.2.171 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Gask, L., Macdonald, W., & Bower, P. (2011) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395311403636 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Wolpert, H. A., & Anderson, B. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.9.1513 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tanenbaum, M. L., & Gonzalez, J. S. (2012) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721712452795 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Enhancing Management of Depression and Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents and Young Adults
Hillege, S. P., Beale, B., & McMaster, R. (2011) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2011.08.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Traditional or centralized models of diabetes care: the multidisciplinary diabetes team approach.
Bratcher, C., & Bello, E. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Grey, M. J. (2000) · Diabetes Spectrum · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Diabetes and Depression: Some Thoughts to Think About
Solowiejczyk, J. N. (2010) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.23.1.11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Why are young people with diabetes distressed?
Cameron, F. J. (2011) · Diabetes Management · doi:10.2217/dmt.11.61 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Social stigma in diabetes : a growing problem for an increasing epidemic
Mosely, K., Schabert, J., Browne, J. L., & Speight, J. (2011) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diabetes distress among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review
Hagger, V., Hendrieckx, C., Sturt, J., Skinner, T. C., & Speight, J. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0694-2 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Perceptions of Adolescent Patients of the “Lived Experience” of Type 1 Diabetes
King, K. M., King, P. J., Nayar, R., & Wilkes, S. (2017) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds15-0041 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Due‐Christensen, M., Zoffmann, V., Willaing, I., Hopkins, D., & Forbes, A. (2017) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732317745100 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bai, J.-W., Lovblom, L. E., Cardinez, M., Weisman, A., Farooqi, M. A., Halpern, E. M., Boulet, G., Eldelekli, D., Lovshin, J. A., Lytvyn, Y., et al. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.05.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Garcia‐Tirado, J., Lv, D., Corbett, J. P., Colmegna, P. H., & Breton, M. D. (2021) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106401 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Μangoulia, P., Milionis, C., Vlachou, E. D., & Ilias, Ι. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12141457 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Real-time predictors and consequences of binge eating among adults with type 1 diabetes
Moskovich, A. A., Dmitrieva, N., Babyak, M. A., Smith, P. J., Honeycutt, L. K., Mooney, J. T., & Merwin, R. M. (2019) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0237-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Understanding Experiences of Diabetes Distress: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis
Morales-Brown, L. A., Algorta, G. P., & Salifu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2024/3946553 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Challenges of COVID-19 for People Living With Diabetes: Considerations for Digital Health
Gamble, A., Phạm, Q., Goyal, S., & Cafazzo, J. A. (2020) · JMIR Diabetes · doi:10.2196/19581 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Franquez, R. T., de Souza, I. M., & Bergamaschi, C. D. C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281376 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence and glycemic management among type I diabetes patients
Zysberg, L., Yoseph, T. B., & Goldman, M. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315596373 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Kahhan, N. A., Pierce, J. S., Benson, M. R., Fox, L. A., & Clements, M. A. (2023) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003607 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Guo, J., Wang, H., Luo, J., Guo, Y., Xie, Y., Lei, B., Wiley, J. A., & Whittemore, R. (2019) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000757 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Demographic and Glycemic Factors Linked With Diabetes Distress in Teens With Type 1 Diabetes
Inverso, H., LeStourgeon, L. M., Parmar, A., Bhangui, I., Hughes, B., Straton, E., Alford, M., Streisand, R. M., & Jaser, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsac049 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Factors associated with diabetes distress among adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Luo, J., Wang, H., Li, X., Zhou, Z., Valimaki, M. A., Whittemore, R., Grey, M. J., & Guo, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15742 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Harazneh, L., Malak, M. Z., & Ayed, A. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.02.026 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Monzon, A. D., Marker, A. M., & Clements, M. A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.10.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Albright, D. K., Wardell, J., Harrison, A., Mizokami‐Stout, K., Hirschfeld, E., Garrity, A. N., Thomas, I. H., & Lee, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsae016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Brady, P., Song, H.-J., & Butler, J. T. (2017) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839917720934 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Payk, M., Robinson, T., Davis, D. L., & Atchan, M. (2017) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13463 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Diabetes Distress Among Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan
Jabeen, Z., Baig, A. M., Khawaja, K. I., Shabbir, S., & Afzal, Z. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.32392 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychological themes that influence self-management of type 1 diabetes
Shaban, C. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.621 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Taylor, G., Shaw, A., Smith, K., Wason, J. M. S., McDonald, T. J., Oram, R. A., Stevenson, E., Shaw, J., & West, D. J. (2022) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14814 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kelly, C. S., Nguyen, H. T. N., CHAPMAN, K. S. M., & Wolf, W. A. (2024) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15425 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Prevalence of Diabetes Distress Among Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Hedge, V., Carter, K., Downey, W., & Sharp, H. (2023) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.06.008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Passanisi, S., Galletta, F., Bombaci, B., Cherubini, V., Tiberi, V., Minuto, N., Bassi, M., Iafusco, D., Piscopo, A., Mozzillo, E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241253285 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yared, Z., Blunden, S., & Stotland, S. C. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.06.011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Pierce, J. S., Kahhan, N. A., Benson, M. R., Clements, M. A., & Fox, L. A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11101169 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dover, S., Ahmet, A. H., Bluth, K., Feldman, B. M., Goldbloom, E. B., Goldfield, G. S., Hamilton, S., Imran, O., Khalif, A., Khatchadourian, K., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/53935 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Pierce, J. S., Fox, L. A., Benson, M., Donough, R. M., & Clements, M. A. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.106829 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Teigen, I. A., Riaz, M., Åm, M. K., Christiansen, S. C., & Carlsen, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.986858 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Harel, S., Lukasik, J., Wilcox, A., Lipska, K. J., WEINZIMER, S. A., Suttiratana, S. C., & Nally, L. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1555265 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effect of Multimedia Messaging Service on Exercise Self-efficacy in Diabetic Patients
Alyahya, M. S. I., Al-Sheyab, N., Alqudah, J. A., Yonis, O. B., & Khader, Y. S. (2021) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.45.5.10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Analyzing occupational challenges through the lens of body and biography
Carandang, K. M., & Pyatak, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2018.1446353 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Breznoščáková, D., & Pallayová, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1354749 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children
Patton, S. R., Kahhan, N. A., Milkes, A. I., McDonough, R., Benson, M. R., Clements, M. A., & Pierce, J. S. (2025) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2025-004964 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Looking at Diabetes-Related Distress through a New Lens: The Socio-Ecological Health Model
Farnoudi, N., Lyang, M., Vanderwyk, K., Vreeburg, S., & Young, C. F. (2022) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines3040064 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hirschler, V., Benitez, A., Marassi, A. E., Arrigo, A., Andres, E., Codner, E., Godoy, J., Molinari, C., Araujo, L., Porta, F. P., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Pediatrics Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jpedcp.2025.200173 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(2023) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580408189.ref
Kahhan, N. A., Patton, S. R., Milkes, A. I., Clements, M. A., & Pierce, J. S. (2025) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds24-0024
Jell, G., Wroe, A. L., Saadiya, A., Causier, C., Palmer, E., Dosanjh, L., & McKechnie, V. (2025) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x25100159
Thiaw, A., Ayihounton, G., Bajurny, V., Benabess, A., Bender, J. L., Boutin, D., Delorme, S., Dogba, M. J., Etienne, M., Gagnon, M., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.25336170
Depression and distress in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a Latin American multicenter study
Hirschler, V., Gonzalez, C. D., Benitez, A., Marassi, A. E., Sobrero, Á. F., Bogado, E., Roussos, A., Gaete, L., Arrigo, A., Grabois, F. S., et al. (2026) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-26-0512
Monzon, A. D., Patton, S. R., Lockee, B., Weissberg-Benchell, J. A., & Clements, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsag060
- Authors
- Pallayova, M., & Taheri, S.
- Affiliations
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- ORCID
- Taheri, Shahrad
- Venue
- Diabetes Spectrum
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2014-05-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 143-149
- ISSN
- 1040-9165 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-7353
- PMC
- PMC4522882
- OpenAlex
- W1967500539
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Spectrum (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, diabetes distress, psychological distress, glycemic control, HbA1c targets, depression, self-care adherence, patient coping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
