Modern-Day Clinical Course of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus After 30 Years' Duration: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications and Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Experience (1983-2005)
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Clinical treatment goals of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have changed since the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated reduced long-term complications with intensive diabetes therapy. There have been few longitudinal studies to describe the clinical course of T1DM in the age of intensive therapy. Our objective was to describe the current-day clinical course of T1DM. METHODS: An analysis of the cumulative incidence of long-term complications was performed. The DCCT (1983-1993) assigned patients to conventional or intensive therapy. Since 1993, the DCCT has been observational, and intensive therapy was recommended for all patients. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study is an observational study of patients with T1DM from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The study population comprised the DCCT T1DM cohort (N = 1441) and a subset of the EDC cohort (n = 161) selected to match DCCT entry criteria. In the DCCT, intensive therapy aimed for a near-normal glycemic level with 3 or more daily insulin injections or an insulin pump. Conventional therapy, with 1 to 2 daily insulin injections, was not designed to achieve specific glycemic targets. Main outcome measures included the incidences of proliferative retinopathy, nephropathy (albumin excretion rate >300 mg/24 h, creatinine level >or=2 mg/dL [to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4], or renal replacement), and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: After 30 years of diabetes, the cumulative incidences of proliferative retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease were 50%, 25%, and 14%, respectively, in the DCCT conventional treatment group, and 47%, 17%, and 14%, respectively, in the EDC cohort. The DCCT intensive therapy group had substantially lower cumulative incidences (21%, 9%, and 9%) and fewer than 1% became blind, required kidney replacement, or had an amputation because of diabetes during that time. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of serious complications in patients with T1DM, especially when treated intensively, are lower than that reported historically.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The benefit of intensive glycemic management in the EDIC cohort of people with type 1 diabetes has been shown to persist for 30 years and was associated with a 32% reduction in cardiovascular disease events.
“The benefit of intensive glycemic management in the EDIC cohort of people with type 1 diabetes has been shown to persist for 30 years and was associated with a 32% reduction in CVD events (59).”
From 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
The Results—Long-Term Complications section (page unavailable) reports a lasting benefit after 30 years of diabetes: CVD incidence was 9% in the original intensive-treatment group versus 14% in the conventional-treatment group. That is approximately a 36% relative reduction, not the claimed 32%. The 30 years refers to diabetes duration, not 30 years of EDIC follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLonger-term epidemiological follow-up of these studies also showed a pattern of cardiovascular disease benefit.
“Additionally, longer-term epidemiological follow-up of these studies also showed a pattern of CVD benefit (58-60).”
From 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
The benefit of intensive glycemic control in the type 1 diabetes cohort has been shown to persist for several decades and to be associated with a modest reduction in all-cause mortality.
“The benefit of intensive glycemic control in this cohort with type 1 diabetes has been shown to persist for several decades (55) and to be associated with a modest reduction in all-cause mortality (56).”
From 6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646 · see citing works
Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
(2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052187 · Cited by 5,138 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 2nd ed
GROVE, W. A. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1644-a · Cited by 3,756 · see citing works
(2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200002103420603 · Cited by 1,534 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2008
Dora, J. M., Kramer, C. K., & Canani, L. H. S. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0109 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2008
American Diabetes Association (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-s012 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
Reichard, P., Nilsson, B.-Y., & Rosenqvist, U. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307293290502 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
The changing natural history of nephropathy in type I Diabetes
Królewski, A. S., Warram, J. H., Christlieb, A. R., Busick, E. J., & Kahn, C. R. (1985) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(85)90284-0 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Orchard, T. J., Dorman, J. S., Maser, R. E., Becker, D. J., DRASH, A. L., Ellis, D., LaPorte, R. E., & Kuller, L. H. (1990) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.39.9.1116 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
The 30-Year Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes Complications
Pambianco, G., Costacou, T., Ellis, D., Becker, D. J., Klein, R., & Orchard, T. J. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db05-1423 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R. (1989) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010243030 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
The DCCT Research Group (1986) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.35.5.530 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Decreasing Incidence of Severe Diabetic Microangiopathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Hovind, P. H., Tarnow, L., Rossing, K., Rossing, P. R., Eising, S., Larsen, N., Binder, C., & Parving, H. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1258 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Microvascular and acute complications in IDDM patients: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study
Stephenson, J., Fuller, J., & EUROBIAB IDDM Complications Study Group (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00398055 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., & Moss, S. E. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.12.1875 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Implementation of Treatment Protocols in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.3.361 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Incidence of End-stage Renal Disease in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Finne, P. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.14.1782 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Wagener, D. K., Sacks, J. M., LaPorte, R. E., & MacGregor, J. M. (1982) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.31.2.136 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Nordwall, M., Bojestig, M., Arnqvist, H. J., & Ludvigsson, J. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1431-6 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Odell, P. M., Anderson, K. M., & D’Agostino, R. B. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532360 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Orchard, T. J., Dorman, J. S., Maser, R. E., Becker, D. J., Ellis, D., LaPorte, R. E., Kuller, L. H., Wolfson, S. K., & DRASH, A. L. (1990) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.13.7.741 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Implications of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
American Diabetes Association (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2007.s25 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Unchanged Incidence of Diabetic Nephropathy in IDDM Patients
Rossing, P. R., Rossing, K., Jacobsen, P. K., & PARVING, H.-H. D. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.7.739 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Steffes, M. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.042143 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Are seven standard photographic fields necessary for classification of diabetic retinopathy?
Moss, S. E., Meuer, S. M., Klein, R., et al. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Prince, C. T., Becker, D. J., Costacou, T., Miller, R. G., & Orchard, T. J. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0797-7 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
and the WHO Multinational Study Group, Lee, E. T., KEEN, H., Bennett, P. H., Fuller, J., & Lu, M. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/pl00002936 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Walsh, M., Zgibor, J. C., Borch‐Johnsen, K., & Orchard, T. J. (2006) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2006.018 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [6]Writing Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study JAMA 2003 290 16 2159 2167 14570951 PMC2622725
- [24]The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Arch Ophthalmol 1995 113 1 36 51 7826293
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014
American Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s014 · Cited by 4,572 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013
American Diabetes Association (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-s011 · Cited by 4,369 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes 2010
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-s011 · Cited by 3,470 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2011
American Diabetes Association (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s011 · Cited by 2,880 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Diabetic Complications
Forbes, J. M., & Cooper, M. E. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2011 · Cited by 2,890 · see citing works
Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Michels, A. W. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60591-7 · Cited by 2,713 · see citing works
Nathan, D. M., & for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2112 · Cited by 1,832 · see citing works
Antonetti, D. A., Klein, R., & Gardner, T. W. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1005073 · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s006 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 update
(2012) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.07.005 · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes
Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2042 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Jellinger, P. S., Handelsman, Y., Rosenblit, P. D., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Fonseca, V. A., Garber, A. J., Grunberger, G., Guerin, C. K., Bell, D. S. H., Mechanick, J. I., et al. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep171764.appgl · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States
de Boer, I. H. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.861 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Sensor-Augmented Insulin-Pump Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
Bergenstal, R. M., Tamborlane, W. V., Ahmann, A., Buse, J. B., Dailey, G., Davis, S. N., Joyce, C., Peoples, T., Perkins, B. A., Welsh, J. B., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1002853 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021</i>
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s006 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes
Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s120 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020</i>
American Diabetes Association (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-s006 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i>
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s006 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019</i>
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s006 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Peters, A., Laffel, L., & the American Diabetes Association Transitions Working Group (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1723 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes
The DCCT/EDIC Research Group (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1111732 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
the SWITCH Study Group, Battelino, T., Conget, I., Olsen, B., Schütz-Fuhrmann, I., Hommel, E., Hoogma, R., Schierloh, U., Sulli, N., & Bolinder, J. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2708-9 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Weisman, A., Bai, J.-W., Cardinez, M., Kramer, C. K., & Perkins, B. A. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30167-5 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s006 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes
Rewers, M. J., Pillay, K., de Beaufort, C., Craig, M. E., Hanas, R., Acerini, C. L., & Maahs, D. M. (2014) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12190 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Diabetic kidney disease: a clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes
Molitch, M. E., Adler, A. I., Flyvbjerg, A., Nelson, R. G., So, W.-Y., Wanner, C., Kasiske, B. L., Wheeler, D. C., de Zeeuw, D., & Mogensen, C. E. (2015) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2014.128 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Obesity in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Clinical Impact, and Mechanisms
Corbin, K. D., Driscoll, K. A., Pratley, R. E., Smith, S. R., Maahs, D. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., & Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON) (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00191 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
de Boer, I. H., & for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2113 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Epigenetic phenomena linked to diabetic complications
Pirola, L., Balcerczyk, A., Okabe, J., & El-Osta, A. (2010) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.188 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Schauer, I. E., Snell-Bergeon, J. K., Bergman, B. C., Maahs, D. M., Kretowski, A., Eckel, R. H., & Rewers, M. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0328 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Nathan, D. M., McGee, P., Steffes, M. W., Lachin, J. M., & the DCCT/EDIC Research Group (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0782 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-s009 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus
Newman, J. D., Schwartzbard, A. Z., Weintraub, H. S., Goldberg, I. J., & Berger, J. S. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.001 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Advanced Diabetes Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors
Vettoretti, M., Cappon, G., Facchinetti, A., & Sparacino, G. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20143870 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Bergenstal, R. M. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0099 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Frequency of evidence-based screening for retinopathy in type 1 diabetes
The DCCT/EDIC Research Group (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1612836 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cost and cost-effectiveness of large-scale screening for type 1 diabetes in Colorado
McQueen, R. B., Geno Rasmussen, C., Waugh, K., Frohnert, B. I., Steck, A. K., Yu, L., Baxter, J., & Rewers, M. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s006 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Double diabetes: a distinct high-risk group?
Kietsiriroje, N., Pearson, S., Campbell, M., Ariëns, R. A. S., & Ajjan, R. A. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13848 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Seeing is believing: using skype to improve diabetes outcomes in youth
Harris, M. A., Freeman, K. A., & Duke, D. C. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2469 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Care of diabetes in children and adolescents: controversies, changes, and consensus
Cameron, F. J., & Wherrett, D. K. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60971-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tumminia, A., Crimi, S., Sciacca, L., Buscema, M., Frittitta, L., Squatrito, S., Vigneri, R., & Tomaselli, L. (2015) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2557 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
O'Connell, S. M., Cooper, M. N., Bulsara, M. K., Davis, E. A., & Jones, T. W. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0748 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Jiao, X., Shen, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002633 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Orlov, S., Cherney, D. Z. I., Pop-Busui, R., Lovblom, L. E., Ficociello, L. H., Smiles, A. M., Warram, J. H., Krolewski, A. S., & Perkins, B. A. (2015) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.11441114 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Real-world evidence of automated insulin delivery system use
Considine, E. G., & Sherr, J. L. (2024) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0442 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Agarwal, S., Raymond, J. K., Isom, S., Lawrence, J. M., Klingensmith, G., Pihoker, C., Corathers, S., Saydah, S., D'Agostino, R. B., & Dabelea, D. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13589 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Evolution of Devices in Diabetes Management
Penfornis, A., Personeni, E., & Borot, S. (2011) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0058 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Targeting diabetes distress: The missing piece of the successful type 1 diabetes management puzzle
Pallayova, M., & Taheri, S. (2014) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.27.2.143 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chesser, H., Srinivasan, S., Puckett, C., Gitelman, S. E., & Wong, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221139873 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Thomas, M., Harjutsalo, V., Feodoroff, M., Forsblom, C., Gordin, D., & Groop, P.-H. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schroeder, E. B., Powers, J. D., O’Connor, P. J., Nichols, G. A., Xu, S., Desai, J. R., Karter, A. J., Morales, L. S., Newton, K. M., Pathak, R. D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.04.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mottalib, A., Tomah, S., Hafida, S., Elseaidy, T., Kasetty, M., Ashrafzadeh, S., & Hamdy, O. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13478 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Control, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Diabetes Control
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-07-27
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1307
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2866072
- OpenAlex
- W2131363230
- Cited by
- 653
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 39.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01dk062204-003)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R37DK034818, DK034818, N01 DK062204, R01DK034818)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, intensive insulin therapy, conventional insulin therapy, late complications, proliferative retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, diabetic blindness, amputation, cumulative incidence, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Canada, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, United States, Weight Gain, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diabetes Complications, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
