Time in range in pregnancy: is there a role?

Wyckoff, Jennifer A.; Brown, Florence M.

doi:10.2337/ds20-0103

Cited by 39Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and Education

Time in range in pregnancy: is there a role?

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Wyckoff, Jennifer A., Brown, Florence M.·2021·Diabetes Spectrum

DOI 10.2337/ds20-0103PMC PMC8178723

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Abstract

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is being used with increasing frequency as an adjunct to self-monitoring of blood glucose in pregnancy, and novel targets based on CGM data are becoming standardized. This adoption of CGM is the result of its improving accuracy, patient preference, and evolving data demonstrating associations of novel targets such as time in range (TIR) with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. A greater understanding of the relationship of various CGM metrics to outcomes in pregnancy complicated by diabetes is needed. It is clear that TIR parameters need to be uniquely lower for pregnant women than for nonpregnant individuals. CGM technology is also an integral part of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery systems. These insulin delivery systems will be a significant advance in the management of diabetes during pregnancy if they can achieve the pre- and postprandial targets required for pregnancy and optimize TIR.

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There are insufficient data to support the use of CGM in all people with type 2 diabetes or GDM.
“There are insufficient data to support the use of CGM in all people with type 2 diabetes or GDM (53,54).”
From 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [54]
The section on trials in type 2 diabetes or GDM says that CGM outcomes data are far less robust, with no RCTs specifically studying type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and limited data for GDM. That supports caution about universal CGM use during pregnancy, but the source does not address all people with type 2 diabetes outside pregnancy, as the citing sentence could imply. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
At this time, data are insufficient to recommend CGM for all pregnant people with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus.
“At this time, data are insufficient to recommend the use of CGM in all pregnant people with type 2 diabetes or GDM (109,110).”
From 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [110]

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“SMBG with a home meter yielded results similar to standard hospitalization protocols (7).”
Result
Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Glycemic Variability, and Excessive Fetal Growth in Pregnancies Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes
Mulla, B. M., Noor, N., James-Todd, T. M., ISGANAITIS, E. M., Takoudes, T. C., Curran, A., Warren, C. E., O’Brien, K. E., & Brown, F. M. (2018) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2017.0443 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diabetes Technology Use Among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women with T1D in the T1D Exchange
Polsky, S., Wu, M., Bode, B. W., DuBose, S. N., Goland, R., Maahs, D. M., Foster, N. C., Peters, A. L., Levy, C. J., Shah, V. N., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0033 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion During Pregnancy in Women with Complicated Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated with Better Glycemic Control but Not with Improvement in Pregnancy Outcomes
Kekäläinen, P., Juuti, M., Walle, T., & Laatikainen, T. K. (2015) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2015.0165 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Glycemic, maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy – Pump vs multiple daily injections, a secondary analysis of an observational cohort study
Kjölhede, K., Berntorp, K. E., Kristensen, K. H., Katsarou, A., Shaat, N., Wiberg, N., Knop, F. K., Kristensen, L., Dotevall, A., Elfvin, A., et al. (2020) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14039 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Insulin dependent diabetes in pregnancy: Impact of maternal blood glucose control on the offspring
Persson, B. L., & Hanson, U. (1993) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00433.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Time trends in pregnancy-related outcomes among women with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 2004–2017
Helman, S., James-Todd, T. M., Wang, Z., Bellavia, A., Wyckoff, J., Serdy, S., Halprin, E., O’Brien, K., Takoudes, T. C., Gupta, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-020-0698-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Untitled work
Leguizamon (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6661(200001/02)9:1

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s007 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D. M., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s015 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citation
7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., Khunti, K., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s007 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“At this time, data are insuf ﬁ cient for recommending the use of CGM in all pregnant people with type 2 diabetes or GDM (116,117).”
15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., Khunti, K., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s015 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s015 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence for Predicting and Diagnosing Complications of Diabetes
Huang, J. K., Yeung, A. M., Armstrong, D. G., Battarbee, A. N., Cuadros, J. A., Espinoza, J., Kleinberg, S., Mathioudakis, N. N., Swerdlow, M. A., & Klonoff, D. C. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221124583 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Incorporation of novel data from CGM, which is becoming increasingly prevalent, 19 may improve the predictive ability of AI without sacrificing usability.”
Background
Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society and European Society of Endocrinology Joint Clinical Practice Guideline
Wyckoff, J., Lapolla, A., Asias-Dinh, B. D., Barbour, L. A., Brown, F. M., Catalano, P. M., Corcoy, R., Renzo, G. C. D., Drobycki, N., Kautzky‐Willer, A., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf288 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
A new continuous glucose monitor for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a pilot study
Filippo, D. D., Henry, A., Bell, C., Haynes, S., Chang, M. H. Y., Darling, J., & Welsh, A. W. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05496-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Mean Mean of blood glucose level registered at CGM [19]”
BackgroundInfluential
Continuous Glucose Monitoring for the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study
Filippo, D. D., Ahmadzai, M., Chang, M. H. Y., Horgan, K., Ong, R. M., Darling, J., Akhtar, M., Henry, A., & Welsh, A. W. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2022/5142918 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The mean sensor BGL of night 1 was found to be significantly lower than night 2 and 3 for women in which the first night of CGM monitoring was included (4:57 + / − 1:35 vs 4:91 + / − 0:99 vs 5:00 + / − 0:95 , p 0:001).”
MethodInfluential
Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society and European Society of Endocrinology Joint Clinical Practice Guideline
Wyckoff, J., Lapolla, A., Asias-Dinh, B. D., Barbour, L. A., Brown, F. M., Catalano, P. M., Corcoy, R., Renzo, G. C. D., Drobycki, N., Kautzky‐Willer, A., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvaf116 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Whether these same benefits or glucometric targets will prove beneficial in pregnant individuals with T2DM requires adequately powered RCTs using current rtCGM technologies 204 .”
Self-citation
Glycemic Variability in Early Pregnancy May Predict a Subsequent Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes
Quah, P. L., Tan, L. K., Lek, N., Thain, S. P. T., & Tan, K. H. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s379616 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Associations of insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring use with pregnancy-related outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes
Wang, Z., James-Todd, T. M., ISGANAITIS, E. M., O'CONNELL, J. C., Helman, S., Wyckoff, J., Serdy, S., Halprin, E., O’Brien, K., Gupta, M., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109854 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Comparison to Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Bhavadharini, B., Hannah, W., Popova, P., Ram, U., Deepa, M., Lunghar, J., Uthra, K., Sagili, H., Kamalanathan, S., Anjana, R. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968251357873 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“5,7 This systematic review aimed to assess the available data on (1) the effectiveness of CGM for GDM diagnosis and prediction, and (2) the effect of CGM compared with SMBG on glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in women with GDM. Specifically, we focused on the impact of CGM on key glycemic…”
Relationship between time in range and corneal nerve fiber loss in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes
Zhao, W., Lu, J., Zhang, L., Lu, W., Zhu, W., Bao, Y., & Zhou, J. (2022) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000002140 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Normal glucose tolerant women with low glycemia during the oral glucose tolerance test have a higher risk to deliver a low birth weight infant
Raets, L., Doninck, L. V., Crombrugge, P. V., Moyson, C., Verhaeghe, J., Vandeginste, S., Verlaenen, H., Vercammen, C., Maes, T., Dufraimont, E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1186339 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“0 mmol/L (54 mg/dl) is classified as a level two hypoglycemia (18, 28, 29).”
Background
Glycemic control assessed by continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes and its association with preeclampsia, an observational Swedish cohort study
Englund‐Ögge, L., Dotevall, A., Elfvin, A., Sandgren, U., Lindén, K., Bohlin, L., Wallstersson, B., Sjödell, M., Augustinsson, J., & Hagman, A. (2024) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14856 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“19 Increased availability of substrate will lead to fetal overgrowth and adiposity in all trimesters.”
Background
Non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring using antennas: a comprehensive review report
Upadhyay, N., Kaur, A., Pattanayak, A., & Singh, A. (2025) · Discover Electronics · doi:10.1007/s44291-025-00068-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“On an average, a person suffering from type-1 diabetes needs to check the glucose levels approximately 4–8 times a day (10 times for a diabetic pregnant woman) [15, 16].”
Determination of time in range associated with HbA1c ≤ 6.5% in Latin American pregnant women diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus using an automated insulin delivery system
Medina, A. M. G., Soto-Chávez, M. J., Carrillo, D. C. H., Sánchez, J. C. S., González, J. A. G., Grassi, B. A., & Múñoz, Ó. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110713 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Correlation Between Blood Glucose Variability Indices Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Gestational Diabetes Patients and Abnormal Glucose Levels 42 Days Postpartum
Wang, R., Zhang, Y., Zeng, H., Xiao, J., Qi, M., Bao, L., Jiao, R., Liu, J., Li, Y.-C., He, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/jdr/1021066 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Using TIR and TBR% as standards for blood glucose management remains controversial in pregnant women with T2DM, especially those with well-controlled blood glucose [30 – 32].”
Maternal nutrition and metabolic adaptations for healthy pregnancy and fetal programming
Kanimozhi, N. V., Suneetha, C., Sonali, L., Raj, M. P. D., Pavithra, R., Shri, B. R., Kumar, S. S., Ramachandran, P. R., & Sukumar, M. (2026) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2026.101027 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Present and Future of Research on Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Narrative Review
Ahn, J., Kang, J. H., Pahn, J., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Korean Journal of Adult Nursing · doi:10.7475/kjan.2023.35.4.311 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Time-in-Range With Insulin Versus Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Randomized Control Study at a Tertiary Care Centre in South India
Pandey, A. K., Naik, B., Uday, R., & Shivaprasad, C. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.61849 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Extrapolated Time in Range and Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
Santos, E., Zaccara, T. A., Paganoti, C. D. F., Francisco, R. P. V., & da Costa, R. A. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156251374706 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“10,12 Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association between TIR extrapolated from SMBG (eTIR) and adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant patients with T1D.”
Integrating multi-omics and digital phenotyping for precision care in gestational diabetes
Xega, V., & Liu, J.-L. (2026) · Metabolism and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.metdis.2026.100002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Association between extrapolated time in range and large for gestational age infants in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes
Santos, E., Zaccara, T. A., Paganoti, C. D. F., Peres, S. V., Francisco, R. P. V., & da Costa, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108724 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Demystifying Glycemic Variability in GDM Pregnancies: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Baghel, A., Nigam, A., & Gupta, N. (2024) · The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India · doi:10.1007/s13224-024-01992-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Glycemic control assessed by continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes and its association with preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, an observational Swedish cohort studyPreprint
Englund‐Ögge, L., Dotevall, A., Elfvin, A., Sandgren, U., Wallstersson, B., Bohlin, L., Sjödell, M., Augustinsson, J., & Hagman, A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2602307/v1
Trends in Time in Range–Related Publications and Clinical Trials: A Bibliometric Review
Patel, P. M., Abaniel, R. M., Dogra, N., Lo, C. B., Frazzitta, M. A., & Virdi, N. S. (2023) · doi:10.2337/figshare.22714573.v1
Trends in Time in Range–Related Publications and Clinical Trials: A Bibliometric Review
Patel, P. M., Abaniel, R. M., Dogra, N., Lo, C. B., Frazzitta, M. A., & Virdi, N. S. (2023) · doi:10.2337/figshare.22714573
Glycemic trends, app engagement and achievement of gestational diabetes guideline targets using a diabetes app and Bluetooth® connected blood glucose meters
Grady, M., Cameron, H., & Holt, E. (2024) · Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.37349/eemd.2024.00014
Comparative Analysis of Perinatal Outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Pregnancies: A Retrospective Study
Sue-Nagumo, M., Morita, A., Higeta, D., Inoue, M., Osaki, A., Yoshino, S., Matsumoto, S., Horiguchi, K., Okada, S., Iwase, A., et al. (2025) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.2025.j080
A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring system for perinatal outcome and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnant women with type 2 diabetes
Kubo, M., Haraguchi, A., Horie, I., Yano, H., Tsuchiyama, H., Nakaji, E., Nishikido, S., Nakamura, Y., Nakaji, K., Sako, A., et al. (2025) · Medicine Case Reports and Study Protocols · doi:10.1097/md9.0000000000000380
Artificial intelligence/machine learning in the management of diabetes mellitus
Sonia, T. A., & Sharma, C. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30272-5.00010-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Additional file 4 of A new continuous glucose monitor for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a pilot study
Filippo, D. D., Henry, A., Bell, C., Haynes, S., Chang, M. H. Y., Darling, J., & Welsh, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26575865
Additional file 3 of A new continuous glucose monitor for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a pilot study
Filippo, D. D., Henry, A., Bell, C., Haynes, S., Chang, M. H. Y., Darling, J., & Welsh, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26575862
Additional file 1 of A new continuous glucose monitor for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a pilot study
Filippo, D. D., Henry, A., Bell, C., Haynes, S., Chang, M. H. Y., Darling, J., & Welsh, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26575856
Additional file 2 of A new continuous glucose monitor for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a pilot study
Filippo, D. D., Henry, A., Bell, C., Haynes, S., Chang, M. H. Y., Darling, J., & Welsh, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26575859
Antenatal glycemic control in gestational diabetes and its association with postpartum glucose intolerance and weight retention
Jiang, Y. (2026) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.101051
Continuous Glycemic Exposure Over Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Thresholds for Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Phenotype-based International Consensus Implementation Blueprint Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Automated Insulin Delivery
Andonotopo, W., Bachnas, M. A., Pramono, M. B. A., Dewantiningrum, J., Gumilar, K. E., Darmawan, E., Akbar, M. I. A., Aldiansyah, D., Lumbanraja, S. N., Rahardjo, T. M., et al. (2026) · SBV Journal of Basic Clinical and Applied Health Science · doi:10.4103/sbvj.sbvj_86_26

Time in range and pregnancy outcomes in diabetic people using continues glucose monitoring
Bartal, M. F., Cornthwaite, J. A. A., Ghafir, D., Ward, C., Ortíz, G., Cornthwaite, J., Chauhan, S. P., & Sibai, B. M. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.394
Time in range measurements for hyperglycemia management during pregnancy
Wang, S., Xin, H., Li, L., & Li, P. (2022) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Time in Range and Pregnancy Outcomes in People with Diabetes Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Bartal, M. F., Cornthwaite, J. A. A., Ghafir, D., Ward, C., Ortíz, G., Louis, A., Cornthwaite, J., Chauhan, S. S. P., & Sibai, B. M. (2022) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/a-1904-9279 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Association between time in range and adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus
Korotkova-Zanina, E. A., & Геннадьевна, Д. Е. (2026) · Vestnik ohrany materinstva i mladenčestva. · doi:10.69964/bmcc-2026-3-2-53-59
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics for Pregnancies Complicated by Diabetes: Critical Appraisal of Current Evidence
Szmuilowicz, E. D., Barbour, L. A., Brown, F. M., Durnwald, C. P., Feig, D. S., O’Malley, G., Polsky, S., & Aleppo, G. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241239341 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Wyckoff, J. A., & Brown, F. M.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
Corresponding author: Wyckoff, Jennifer A.
ORCID: Wyckoff, Jennifer A.
Brown, Florence M.
Venue: Diabetes Spectrum
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2021-05-01
Volume: 34
Issue: 2
Pages: 119-132
ISSN: 1040-9165 (ISSN-L)
1944-7353
DOI: 10.2337/ds20-0103
PMC: PMC8178723
OpenAlex: W3165330610
Cited by: 39
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6
FWCI: 5.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.diabetesjournals.org/content/license (vor)
Locations: Diabetes Spectrum (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords: time in range, continuous glucose monitoring, pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, glycemic targets, hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery, neonatal outcomes, self-monitoring of blood glucose, insulin therapy

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Time in range in pregnancy: is there a role?

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