Diabetes technology-continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline

Peters, Anne L.; Ahmann, Andrew J.; Battelino, Tadej; Evert, Alison; Hirsch, Irl B.; Murad, M. Hassan; Winter, William E.; Wolpert, Howard

doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2534

Cited by 250Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes Management and Education

Diabetes technology-continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline

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Peters, Anne L., Ahmann, Andrew J., Battelino, Tadej, Evert, Alison, Hirsch, Irl B., Murad, M. Hassan, Winter, William E., Wolpert, Howard·2016·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2016-2534

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To formulate clinical practice guidelines for the use of continuous glucose monitoring and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adults with diabetes. PARTICIPANTS: The participants include an Endocrine Society-appointed Task Force of seven experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. The American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the European Society of Endocrinology co-sponsored this guideline. EVIDENCE: The Task Force developed this evidence-based guideline using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to describe the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The Task Force commissioned one systematic review and used the best available evidence from other published systematic reviews and individual studies. CONSENSUS PROCESS: One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Committees and members of the Endocrine Society, the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the European Society of Endocrinology reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of these guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous glucose monitoring have an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Data from randomized controlled trials are limited on the use of medical devices, but existing studies support the use of diabetes technology for a wide variety of indications. This guideline presents a review of the literature and practice recommendations for appropriate device use.

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Intensive insulin management education programs that include nutrition therapy improve A1C and quality of life.
“Intensive insulin management education programs that include nutrition therapy have been shown to improve A1C (9,264,268,271 -273) and quality of life (9,274).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [272]
The Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion section reports improved A1C after a teaching program and after use of CSII with a curriculum adapted from Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating. The guideline does not establish that nutrition therapy within an education program produced those improvements, or that such a program improved quality of life; its Introduction discusses quality of life as a goal of diabetes technology. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Evidence suggests insulin pump therapy may reduce diabetic ketoacidosis risk and diabetes complications, particularly retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy in youth, compared with multiple daily injections.
“There is also evidence that insulin pump therapy may reduce DKA risk (182,186) and diabetes complications, particularly retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy in youth, compared with MDI (169).”
From 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [169]

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Insulin Pump Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Safely Improved Glycemic Control Using a Simple Insulin Dosing Regimen
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Multicentre, randomised, controlled study of the impact of continuous sub-cutaneous glucose monitoring (GlucoDay®) on glycaemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients
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Clinical Usefulness of a Bolus Calculator in Maintaining Normoglycaemia in Active Professional Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Treated with Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
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Factors associated with glycemic control in adult type 1 diabetes patients treated with insulin pump therapy
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An observational 7-year study of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus
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Assessment of use of specific features of subcutaneous insulin infusion systems and their relationship to metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes
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Authors: Peters, A. L., Ahmann, A. J., Battelino, T., Evert, A., Hirsch, I. B., Murad, M. H., Winter, W. E., & Wolpert, H.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
ORCID: Peters, Anne L.
Ahmann, Andrew J.
Battelino, Tadej
Evert, Alison
Hirsch, Irl B.
Murad, M. Hassan
Winter, William E.
Wolpert, Howard
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2016-11
Volume: 101
Issue: 11
Pages: 3922-3937
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2534
OpenAlex: W2518284272
Cited by: 250
References: 115
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 2
FWCI: 28.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords: diabetes technology, insulin pump therapy, continuous glucose monitoring, adults with diabetes, diabetes management, clinical guidelines
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Glucose, Combined Modality Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Diabetic, Endocrinology, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, International Agencies, Patient Education as Topic, Societies, Scientific, Exercise, Drug Monitoring, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Evidence-Based Medicine, Consensus, Precision Medicine

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Diabetes technology-continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline

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