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Evaluation of bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 240 samples from 20 raw meat diets for dogs (containing beef, lamb, chicken, or turkey), 24 samples from 2 dry dog foods, and 24 samples from 2 canned dog foods. PROCEDURE: Each product was purchased commercially on 4 dates approximately 2 months apart. Three samples from each product at each sampling period were evaluated via bacterial culture for non-type-specific Escherichia coli (NTSEC), Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on selected isolates. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect DNA from Cryptosporidium spp, Neospora spp, and Toxoplasma spp in samples obtained in the third and fourth sampling periods. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-three of 288 (53%) samples were contaminated with NTSEC. Both raw and prepared foods contained NTSEC during at least 1 culture period. Salmonella enterica was recovered from 17 (5.9%) samples, all of which were raw meat products. Campylobacter spp was not isolated from any samples. In 91 of 288 (31.6%) samples, there was no gram-negative bacterial growth before enrichment and in 48 of 288 (16.7%) samples, there was no aerobic bacterial growth before enrichment. Susceptibility phenotypes were variable. Cryptosporidium spp DNA was detected in 3 samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bacterial contamination is common in commercially available raw meat diets, suggesting that there is a risk of foodborne illness in dogs fed these diets as well possible risk for humans associated with the dogs or their environments.
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“Surveys in Europe and North America have consistently found Salmonella species in a proportion of samples, typically of fresh‐frozen commercial diets.”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Strohmeyer et al. 2006
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“It has been noted by researchers sampling raw pet foods from commercial outlets that package warnings about preparation and hygienic handling of these pet foods are commonly absent (Finley et al. 2006, Strohmeyer et al. 2006, Mehlenbacher et al. 2012, Bojanic et al. 2017, van Bree et al. 2018) and that packaging may be defective and leaky (Bojanic et al. 2017).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Strohmeyer et al. 2006
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“Serovars isolated in studies and surveillance of ingredients and raw food for pets or working dogs are diverse (Strohmeyer et al. 2006) and include those considered to be of particular significance for human salmonellosis (Chengappa et al. 1993, Finley et al. 2008, Mehlenbacher et al. 2012, Bacci et al. 2019).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Strohmeyer et al. 2006
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“Surveys of raw pet foods in North America (generally frozen and obtained through commercial outlets) have reported proportions of Salmonella‐positive samples ranging between 7.1% (Strohmeyer et al. 2006), 8% (Nemser et al. 2014), 9% (Mehlenbacher et al. 2012), 20% (Weese et al. 2005) and 21% (Finley et al. 2008).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Strohmeyer et al. 2006
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“Higher prevalence values of E. coli‐positive samples have been found among commercial raw pet foods when compared with conventionally processed foods (Strohmeyer et al. 2006, Freeman et al. 2013)”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Strohmeyer et al. 2006
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“Campylobacter were not isolated from approximately 300 samples taken from raw food products in various recent studies in the USA and Canada (Weese et al. 2005, Strohmeyer et al. 2006, Lenz et al. 2009)”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Strohmeyer et al. 2006
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“Similarly, DNA of Cryptosporidium (but not Toxoplasma or Neosporum) was found in a small minority of raw and canned foods in the USA (Strohmeyer et al. 2006).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Strohmeyer et al. 2006
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Citations
Cites
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“All raw meat products, whether intended for consumption by humans or pets, may potentially be contaminated with Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp, Yersinia spp, Giardia spp, Toxoplasma spp, Neospora spp, Cryptosporidium spp, Echinococcus spp, Clostridium spp, Staphylococcus aureus, and others.(2,5,11…”
BackgroundMethodSepticemic Salmonellosis in Two Cats Fed a Raw-Meat Diet
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Prevalence of Salmonella in Raw Meat used in Diets of Racing Greyhounds
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Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia.
Laflamme, D., Abood, S., Fascetti, A., Fleeman, L., Freeman, L., Michel, K. E., Bauer, C., Kemp, B. L. E., Doren, J. V. V., & Willoughby, K. N. (2008) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.232.5.687 · Cited by 210
Schmidt, M., Unterer, S., Suchodolski, J., Honneffer, J. B., Guard, B., Lidbury, J., Steiner, J., Fritz, J., & Kölle, P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201279 · Cited by 169
Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat–based diets for dogs and cats
Freeman, L. M., Chandler, M. L., Hamper, B. A., & Weeth, L. P. (2013) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.243.11.1549 · Cited by 235
“Nontype-specific E coli was found in 143 of 240 (60%) commercial RMBDs but in only 8 of 24 (33%) commercial dry extruded diets and 2 of 24 (8%) commercial cooked moist diets.(6) A 2001 study(41) revealed that 1 of 5 RMBDs tested (both commercial and homeprepared diets) was contaminated with E coli O157:H7.”
Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards.
Davies, R. H., Lawes, J. R., & Wales, A. D. (2019) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13000 · Cited by 195
“…pet foods in North America (generally frozen and obtained through commercial outlets) have reported proportions of Salmonella-positive samples ranging between 7.1% (Strohmeyer et al. 2006), 8% (Nemser et al. 2014), 9% (Mehlenbacher et al. 2012), 20% (Weese et al. 2005) and 21% (Finley et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialZoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat‐based diets for cats and dogs
van Bree, F. P. J., Bokken, G. C. A. M., Mineur, R., Franssen, F., Opsteegh, M., van der Giessen, J. W. B., Lipman, L. J. A., & Overgaauw, P. A. M. (2018) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.104535 · Cited by 206
Beloshapka, A. N., Dowd, S. E., Suchodolski, J. S., Steiner, J. M., Duclos, L. M., & Swanson, K. S. (2013) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12081 · Cited by 178
“Due to the potential for an increased pathogen load in raw meatbased diets (based on general cultures; Strohmeyer et al., 2006), adding prebiotics, such as inulin or YCW may be of benefit.”
BackgroundLefebvre, S. L., Reid‐Smith, R., Boerlin, P., & Weese, J. S. (2008) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01145.x · Cited by 155
“Furthermore, researchers have isolated Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica from 6% to 80% of a variety of raw-meat dog food samples (Joffe and Schlesinger, 2002; Weese et al., 2005; Strohmeyer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCampylobacter: from microbiology to prevention.
Facciolà, A., Riso, R., Avventuroso, E., Visalli, G., Delia, S. A., & Laganà, P. (2017) · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · Cited by 134
Reimschuessel, R., Grabenstein, M., Guag, J., Nemser, S. M., Song, K., Qiu, J., Clothier, K. A., Byrne, B. A., Marks, S. L., Cadmus, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02137-16 · Cited by 105
Kim, J., An, J.-U., Kim, W., Lee, S., & Cho, S. (2017) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0218-5 · Cited by 129
“coli group) and could be at a greater risk of foodborne illness than dogs given a commercial feed, because there was no regulation for microbial monitoring in raw meat and dogs fed a natural diet was more likely to be exposed to contaminated raw meat [14, 17, 18].”
BackgroundInfluentialMorgan, S. K., Willis, S., & Shepherd, M. L. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3031 · Cited by 94
“…handling and through environmental contamination from animals fed a RAP diet (FDA, 2016; Finley et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2013; Freeman, Janecko & Weese, 2013; Joffe & Schlesinger, 2002; Lenz et al., 2009; Leonard et al., 2011; Morley et al., 2006; Nemser et al., 2014; Strohmeyer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialUnconventional diets for dogs and cats.
Michel, K. E. (2006) · The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.003 · Cited by 98
Nüesch‐Inderbinen, M., Treier, A., Zurfluh, K., & Stephan, R. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.191170 · Cited by 87
“5%) of the RMBDs in this study exceeded this threshold, and the prevalence of unacceptable products was thereby higher than the 52% recently reported in a Swedish study [3,42].”
ResultHellgren, J., Hästö, L. S., Wikström, C., Fernström, L., & Hansson, I. (2019) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.105199 · Cited by 82
Leonard, E. K., Pearl, D. L., Finley, R. L., Janecko, N., Peregrine, A. S., Reid‐Smith, R. J., & Weese, J. S. (2011) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01320.x · Cited by 95
“, 2007), and the ingredients used in their diets are commonly contaminated with this bacterium (Chengappa et al., 1993; LeJeune and Hancock, 2001; Weese et al., 2005; Strohmeyer et al., 2006; Finley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialHomemade diets: attributes, pitfalls, and a call for action.
Remillard, R. (2008) · Topics in Companion Animal Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2008.04.006 · Cited by 74
Bojanić, K., Midwinter, A. C., Marshall, J. C., Rogers, L., Biggs, P. J., & Acke, E. (2016) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/zph.12323 · Cited by 80
“This is the first study to report the presence of Campylobacter spp. in retail raw pet food diets, as no studies with similar attempts identified in a review of the literature were successful (Weese et al., 2005; Strohmeyer et al., 2006; Lenz et al., 2009).”
ResultBaede, V. O., Broens, E. M., Spaninks, M. P., Timmerman, A. J., Graveland, H., Wagenaar, J. A., Duim, B., & Hordijk, J. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187239 · Cited by 70
Raw Meat-Based Diets in Dogs and Cats
Fredriksson‐Ahomaa, M., Heikkilä, T., Pernu, N., Kovanen, S., Hielm-Björkman, A. K., & Kivistö, R. I. (2017) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci4030033 · Cited by 71
“This study shows that RMBDs can contain zoonotic pathogens that can be a health hazard both to pets and in-contact humans; however, a clear link between feeding RMBDs and infections in pets and pet owners still remains mostly unclear [5,24,26,37,40].”
BackgroundMorley, P. S., Strohmeyer, R. A., Tankson, J. D., Hyatt, D. R., Dargatz, D. A., & Fedorka-Cray, P. J. (2006) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.228.10.1524 · Cited by 91
“3 Newport (6) 6–12 mo (4) AMP, CMP, STR, SMO, TET (1); Preweaning (2) AMP, CMP, KAN, NAL, STR, SMO, TET, TMS (1); AMC, AMP, COX, CET, CMP, STR, SMO, TET (1); AMC, AMP, COX, CRO, CTN, CMP, STR, SMO, TET (3)”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKerr, K., Boler, B. M. V., Morris, C. L., Liu, K.-J., & Swanson, K. S. (2012) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3266 · Cited by 60
“Few studies have examined human illness associated with pets (Morse et al., 1976; Sato et al., 2000); however, the presence of bacterial pathogens in raw meat diets has been well documented (Joffe and Schlesinger, 2002; Weese et al., 2005; Strohmeyer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundGates, M. C., Walker, J. K., Zito, S., & Dale, A. R. (2019) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2019.1645626 · Cited by 63
“Raw food diets also carry a public health risk due to contamination with pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. (Weese et al. 2005; Strohmeyer et al. 2006; Schlesinger and Joffe 2011).”
BackgroundFinley, R., Reid‐Smith, R., Ribble, C., Popa, M., Vandermeer, M., & Aramini, J. (2008) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01147.x · Cited by 85
“In the United States, Strohmeyer et al. (2006) conducted a survey of 240 commercial raw food diets; 6% were contaminated with Salmonella.”
BackgroundAhmed, F., Cappai, M., Morrone, S., Cavallo, L., Berlinguer, F., Dessì, G., Tamponi, C., Scala, A., & Varcasia, A. (2021) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100327 · Cited by 47
“A number of potentially dangerous parasites, bacteria and viruses (Table 1) could represent a serious threat for animal and human health when raw feeding is adopted [1,3,12,13].”
BackgroundTransmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food
Lambertini, E., Buchanan, R. L., Narrod, C., & Pradhan, A. K. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.902356 · Cited by 52
“Salmonella, for example, is a com- mon contaminant in raw meat, including meat fed raw to pets (Campos et al., 2008; Finley et al., 2007; Joffe and Schle- singer, 2002; Li et al., 2012; Nakajima et al., 1992; Ossiprandi et al., 2003; Strohmeyer et al., 2006; Eblen et al., 2006).”
BackgroundHygiene quality and presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in raw food diets for dogs
Nilsson, O. (2015) · Infection Ecology & Epidemiology · doi:10.3402/iee.v5.28758 · Cited by 43
“coli in all products is comparable to or higher than in previous studies (5, 18).”
ResultMorgan, G., Williams, N. J., Schmidt, V. M., Cookson, D., Symington, C., & Pinchbeck, G. L. (2022) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105741 · Cited by 40
Teng, L., Liao, S., Xin Min, Z. H. O. U., Jia, C., Feng, M., Pan, H., Ma, Z., & Yue, M. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11050625 · Cited by 38
“0%, 153/288), after investigating 288 samples of raw meat diets, dry dog foods, and canned dog foods [53].”
BackgroundRaw beef bones as chewing items to reduce dental calculus in Beagle dogs.
Marx, F., Machado, G., Pezzali, J., Marcolla, C., Kessler, A. K., Ahlstrøm, Ø., & Trevizan, L. (2016) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/avj.12394 · Cited by 34
Rajagopaul, S., Parr, J. M., Woods, J. P., Pearl, D., Coe, J., & Verbrugghe, A. (2016) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.12526 · Cited by 30
Bacci, C., Vismarra, A., Dander, S., Barilli, E., & Superchi, P. (2019) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-352 · Cited by 32
Solís, D., Toro, M., Navarrete, P., Faúndez, P., & Reyes-Jara, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.799710 · Cited by 34
“than other studies (10, 36, 37), and a lower detection rate for L.”
Result2019 AAFP Feline Zoonoses Guidelines
Lappin, M. R., Elston, T., Evans, L., Glaser, C. A., Jarboe, L., Karczmar, P., Lund, C., & Ray, M. (2019) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x19880436 · Cited by 28
Self-citationOlkkola, S., Kovanen, S., Roine, J., Hänninen, M., Hielm-Björkman, A. K., & Kivistö, R. I. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132660 · Cited by 28
“were found when evaluating the bacteriological quality of commercial raw canine diets [25] or raw meat diets [26].”
BackgroundMorelli, G., Catellani, P., Scapin, R. M., Bastianello, S., Conficoni, D., Contiero, B., & Ricci, R. (2019) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13263 · Cited by 30
Prata, J. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10050848 · Cited by 30
“For instance, both commercial and homemade raw foods often present contamination with Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica [58], are usually nutritionally imbalanced (e.”
BackgroundBottari, B., Bancalari, E., Barera, A., Ghidini, S., & Gatti, M. (2020) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.105893 · Cited by 27
Leonard, E. K., Pearl, D. L., Janecko, N., Finley, R. L., Reid-Smith, R. J., Weese, J. S., & Peregrine, A. S. (2015) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.76.11.959 · Cited by 26
Detection of Giardia, Entamoeba, and Cryptosporidium in unprocessed food items from northern India
Rai, A. K., Chakravorty, R., & Paul, J. (2008) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-008-9824-1 · Cited by 26
“In a study to evaluate protozoan contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs, Cryptosporidium sp. DNA was detected in three samples using PCR assays ( Strohmeyer et al. 2006 ).”
MethodDhakal, J., Cancio, L. P. M., Deliephan, A., Chaves, B. D., & Tubene, S. L. (2024) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.70060 · Cited by 26
Raspa, F., Schiavone, A., Pattono, D., Galaverna, D., Cavallini, D., Vinassa, M., Bergero, D., Dalmasso, A., Bottero, M. T., & Valle, E. (2023) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-023-03823-w · Cited by 27
“Moreover, several other pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. have been mainly linked to contact with high-moisture foods such as raw meat [16, 17].”
BackgroundSalmonella bacteriuria in a cat fed a Salmonella-contaminated diet.
Fauth, E., Freeman, L., Cornjeo, L., Markovich, J. E., Janecko, N., & Weese, J. (2015) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.247.5.525 · Cited by 23
“However, the fact that the recall rate does not mirror study reports 12,14,17,24 indicating high contamination rates may be because consumers or veterinarians do not associate illnesses potential contamination, because the market share for commercially available RMBDs is more limited than for dry…”
BackgroundMehlenbacher, S., Churchill, J., Olsen, K. E., & Bender, J. B. (2012) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01491.x · Cited by 30
“, Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium, which can cause illness in people (Weese et al., 2005; Lenz et al., 2009; Strohmeyer, 2006).”
BackgroundResultZoonotic Risks of Sleeping with Pets
Zanen, L. A., Kusters, J. G., & Overgaauw, P. A. M. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11101149 · Cited by 24
Meers, L. L., Contalbrigo, L., Samuels, W. E., Duarte-Gan, C., Berckmans, D., Laufer, S. J., Stevens, V., Walsh, E. A., & Normando, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.899889 · Cited by 27
Kiflu, B., Abdurahaman, M., Alemayehu, H., & Eguale, T. (2016) · Ethiopian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.4314/evj.v20i1.5 · Cited by 21
“Several studies reported the contamination of these diets and their ingredients with pathogenic bacteria (Freeman and Michel, 2001; Weese et al., 2005; Strohmeyer et al., 2006; Finley et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInsights into Commercial Pet Foods
Raditic, D. (2021) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.013 · Cited by 20
Hiney, K. M., Sypniewski, L. A., DeSilva, U., Pezeshki, A., Rudra, P., Goodarzi, P., Willis, E. L., & McFarlane, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1328513 · Cited by 22
Morgan, G., Pinchbeck, G. L., Taymaz, E., Chattaway, M. A., Schmidt, V. M., & Williams, N. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301841 · Cited by 18
“…prevalence of Salmonella spp. contamination in RMD in studies in Europe, Canada and the USA is wide ranging, from 4 to 25% (Weese et al., 2005; Strohmeyer et al., 2006; Mehlenbacher et al., 2012; Nemser et al., 2014; Hellgren et al., 2019; Nüesch-Inderbinen et al., 2019), therefore the…”
BackgroundInfluentialClinical health markers in dogs fed raw meat-based or commercial extruded kibble diets
Hiney, K. M., Sypniewski, L. A., Rudra, P., Pezeshki, A., & McFarlane, D. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skab133 · Cited by 18
Evaluation of two raw diets vs a commercial cooked diet on feline growth
Hamper, B. A., Bartges, J. W., & Kirk, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x16634388 · Cited by 17
BARF (Biologisch Artgerechte Rohfütterung) als Ernährungsform bei Hunden
Schmidt, M., & Kölle, P. (2015) · Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere · doi:10.15654/tpk-150782 · Cited by 11
Bianco, A., Abood, S. K., Mutsaers, A. J., Woods, J. P., Coe, J. B., & Verbrugghe, A. (2020) · Veterinary and Comparative Oncology · doi:10.1111/vco.12599 · Cited by 18
Singh, I., Tucker, L., Gendall, P., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K., Cline, J., & Thomas, D. G. (2011) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2011.567967 · Cited by 20
Massetti, L., Traub, R. J., Rae, L., Colella, V., Marwedel, L., McDonagh, P., & Wiethoelter, A. (2023) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100587 · Cited by 15
Anti‐microbial resistance of Salmonella isolates from raw meat‐based dog food in Japan
Yukawa, S., Uchida, I., Takemitsu, H., Okamoto, A., Yukawa, M., OHSHIMA, S., & Tamura, Y. (2022) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.739 · Cited by 14
“Specifically, studies from the United States and Canada have reported Salmonella in 5–21% of RMBD samples (Finley et al., 2008; Lenz et al., 2009;Nemser et al., 2014; Strohmeyer et al., 2006;Weese et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultBeining, M. W., Hartmann, M., Luebke-Becker, A., Guenther, S., Schaufler, K., Hille, K., & Kreienbrock, L. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13040584 · Cited by 12
“coli-positive samples have been found among commercial raw pet foods when compared with conventionally processed foods [68,69].”
The Nutrition and Natural History of the Serval (Felis serval) and Caracal (Caracal caracal)
Livingston, S. E. (2009) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2009.01.017 · Cited by 13
Ramovic, E., Madigan, G., McDonnell, S., Griffin, D., Bracken, E., NiGhallchoir, E., Quinless, E., Galligan, A., Egan, J., & Prendergast, D. M. (2020) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/s13620-020-0156-2 · Cited by 11
Linguatula serrata in an imported dog in Germany: Single-case or emerging disease?
Berberich, M., Grochow, T., Roßner, N., Schmäschke, R., & Rentería-Solís, Z. M. (2022) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100717 · Cited by 11
Current Evidence on Raw Meat Diets in Pets: A Natural Symbol, but a Nutritional Controversy
Lyu, Y., Wu, C., Li, L., & Pu, J. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15030293 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, approximately 60% of commercial RMBDs have been found to be contaminated with Escherichia coli [95–103].”
Post-operative Salmonella surgical site infection in a dog.
Kent, M., Boozer, L. B., Glass, E. N., Sánchez, S., Platt, S. R., & Freeman, L. M. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 10
Escherichia coli pathotype contamination in raw canine diets.
Gibson, J. F., Parker, V., Howard, J. P., Snell, C., Cross, E., Pagliughi, L. B., Diaz-Campos, D., Winston, J., & Rudinsky, A. (2022) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.21.10.0166 · Cited by 10
The raw deal: clarifying the nutritional and public health issues regarding raw meat-based diets
Lumbis, R. H., & Chan, D. L. (2015) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2015.6.6.336 · Cited by 10
Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in Taipei: Livestock Meats, Internal Organs, Cat and Dog Sera
Fuh, Y.-B., Liao, A. T., Pong, Y.-M., Tung, M.-C. T., Fei, C.-Y., & Lin, D.-S. (2013) · The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.56808/2985-1130.2448 · Cited by 9
Biliary protozoa in a dog with acute cholangiohepatitis fed a raw food diet
Allan, F., Blake, D., Miller, Z., & Church, D. (2022) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.16565 · Cited by 7
Marchetti, V., Macchioni, F., Gori, E., Venco, L., & Papini, R. A. (2023) · Open Veterinary Journal · doi:10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i8.12 · Cited by 8
“…transmission of foodborne bacteria and parasites in dogs feeding on this diet and in humans sharing the same environment has been well documented (Strohmeyer et al., 2006; van Bree et al., 2018; Davies et al., 2019; Bottari et al., 2020), including two case reports of L. serrata in dogs…”
BackgroundFeline Care in the Animal Shelter
Griffin, B. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781119421511.ch10 · Cited by 8
Raw diets for dogs and cats: Potential health benefits and threats.
Główny, D., Sowińska, N., Cieślak, A., Gogulski, M., Konieczny, K., & Szumacher-Strabel, M. (2024) · Polish journal of veterinary sciences · doi:10.24425/pjvs.2024.149344 · Cited by 6
“Bacterial or parasitic contamination may be noticed less frequently in pet foods because it is not inspected in the same way as animal products meant for human consumption (Strohmeyer et al. 2006).”
BackgroundNutritional evaluation of raw meat and whole prey diets for domestic and exotic cats
Kerr, K. R. (2012) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 7
How to talk to clients about giving raw food diets to their dogs and cats
Wales, A. D., & Davies, R. (2021) · In Practice · doi:10.1002/inpr.128 · Cited by 7
Luisana, E., Saker, K. E., Jaykus, L., & Getty, C. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259478 · Cited by 10
“coli and Salmonella [12], exacerbates these concerns.”
Steinecker‐Quast, J., Osmann, C., & Liesegang, A. (2023) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13887 · Cited by 5
Kazimierska, K., Biel, W., Witkowicz, R., & Karakulska, J. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14020760 · Cited by 5
Voedselgerelateerde hyperthyroïdie bij een rottweiler
Cornelissen, S., Roover, K. D., Paepe, D., Hesta, M., der Meulen, E. V., & Daminet, S. (2014) · Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift · doi:10.21825/vdt.v83i6.16629 · Cited by 6
“Other similar investigations found evidence of Escherichia coli, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium species (Lucas et al., 1999; Weese et al., 2005; Strohmeyer et al., 2006).”
ResultRAW MEAT-BASED DIET (BARF) IN DOGS AND CATS NUTRITION
Brozić, D., Mikulec, Ž., Samardžija, M., Đuričić, D., & Valpotić, H. (2020) · ВЕТЕРИНАРСКИ ЖУРНАЛ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ · doi:10.7251/vetjen1902314b · Cited by 5
Grellet, A., & Mila, H. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14162357 · Cited by 4
McDonnell, S., Gutiérrez, M., Leonard, F. C., O’Brien, T., Kearney, P., Swan, C., Madigan, G., Bracken, E., McLernon, J., Griffin, M., et al. (2022) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/s13620-022-00219-4 · Cited by 4
“9% [32], 12% [33], 20% [10], to 80% [34].”
Guptill, L. C. (2015) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.010 · Cited by 4
Lindinger, S., Bauer, S., Dicakova, Z., Pilz, B., & Paulsen, P. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13121987 · Cited by 4
“This was higher than the results for muscle-based RMBDs [21] in Austria (7.3%).”
BackgroundInfluentialWales, A. D., Lawes, J. R., & Davies, R. (2019) · BSAVA Companion · doi:10.22233/20412495.0819.10 · Cited by 4
Adelantado, C., López, S., Inglada, R. P., Vilaseca, L., & Torras, M. D. L. Á. C. (2008) · Biotechnology(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/biotech.2008.725.731 · Cited by 4
Nichols, G. L. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420052275.ch4 · Cited by 6
Leonard, E. K. (2014) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 4
Food Standards Agency, Jorgensen, F., Kesby, M., Aranega-Bou, P., Willis, C., Aird, H. C., Lai, S., Fearnley, C., Oun, M. A., Puddicombe-Coles, B., et al. (2026) · FSA research and evidence. · doi:10.46756/001c.155340 · Cited by 3
Kerr, K. R. (2010) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 3
Hathcock, T. L., Raiford, D., Conley, A., Barua, S., Murillo, D. F. B., Prarat, M., Kaur, P., Scaria, J., & Wang, C. (2023) · Foodborne Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1089/fpd.2023.0043 · Cited by 4
“…bacteria in raw pet food diets, which poses a risk not only to pets but also to their owners who handle these products (Groat et al., 2022; Hellgren et al., 2019; Jones et al., 2019; Nemser et al., 2014; Ramos et al., 2022; Reimschuessel et al., 2017; Solı´s et al., 2022; Strohmeyer et al., 2006).”
Shen, Z., Wang, Y., & Shen, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818619-0.00075-7 · Cited by 3
Human exposure to Salmonella spp from dog food containing raw meat – systematic review
dos Reis, J. S., Santos, D. C. D. O., Gomide, L. B., Ogoshi, R. C. S., Pereira, L. J., & Zangerônimo, M. G. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science · doi:10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.129264 · Cited by 3
Commercial and Home‐Prepared Diets
Fascetti, A., & Delaney, S. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118785669.ch8 · Cited by 2
Kiener, S., Smith, E., Singh, N., Nemser, S. M., Hettwer, K., Miller, M. R., Tkachenko, A., Uhlig, S., & Reddy, R. D. (2024) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107116 · Cited by 2
Ahmed, F., Cavallo, L., Marongiu, M., Marras, A., Arshad, M. F., Nonnis, F., Tamponi, C., Varcasia, A., & Scala, A. (2025) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101277 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, handling, preparation and storage of raw diets may inadvertently facilitate indirect human exposure to different parasites at home [6 – 8].”
(2022) · Journal of Chemical Biological and Physical Sciences · doi:10.24214/jcbps.b.12.4.48599 · Cited by 2
Cryptosporidiosis and Cyclosporiasis
Scorza, V., & Lappin, M. R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-50934-3.00103-8 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCAMPYLOBACTER: A BRIEF REVIEW OF ITS CAUSES, DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES AND PREVENTION
(2022) · National Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.37605/v3i2/4 · Cited by 2
Tienthai, P., & Sajjarengpong, K. (2013) · The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.56808/2985-1130.2452 · Cited by 2
Weese, J. S., & Fulford, M. B. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470958957.ch2 · Cited by 3
Pegg, E., Jackson, J., Evans, C., & Cohen, V. (2024) · doi:10.46756/sci.fsa.nss574 · Cited by 2
Wierenga, J. R., Thiede, H., Helms, L., & Hopkins, S. G. (2015) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000272 · Cited by 1
Wynn, S. G. (2025) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.06.004 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Strohmeyer, R. A., Morley, P. S., Hyatt, D. R., Dargatz, D. A., Scorza, A. V., & Lappin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
- Published
- 2006-02-15
- Volume
- 228
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 537-542
- ISSN
- 0003-1488 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161516957
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
- Keywords
- raw meat diet, dogs, bacterial contamination, protozoan parasites, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, Neospora, Toxoplasma, antimicrobial susceptibility, food poisoning, canine nutrition, dry dog food
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Feed, Bacteria, Consumer Product Safety, Dogs, Food Contamination, Food Microbiology, Longitudinal Studies, Meat, Prospective Studies, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA, Protozoan, Food Parasitology, Eukaryota
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