The DOI matches its Crossref record.
A Narcissistic Personality Inventory.
Abstract
The immediate stimulus for developing a test of narcissism was the inclusion of a new category, the narcissistic personality disorder, in the diagnostic manual (DSM-111) being prepared by the American Psychiatric Association. The narcissistic personality disorder is defined by the following characteristics: ( 1 ) grandiose sense of one's self-irnportance; ( 2 ) preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, o r ideal love; ( 3 ) exhibitionism; ( 4 ) responds to criticism, indifference, or defeat either with cool indifference or with marked feelungs of rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, o r emptiness; ( 5 ) entitlement, expecting spec~al favors without assuming reciprocal responsibilities; (6) exploitativeness; ( 7 ) relationships vacillate between the extremes of overidealization and devaluation; and ( 8 ) lack of empathy. W e made up 223 items which sampled the domain of the narcissistic personality as defined by the foregoing characteristics. Each item is a pair of statements, one narcissistic and the other nonnarcissistic. Subjects are required to check one of rhe two statements. This is an example.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Narcissism began gaining attention in mainstream research through the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1979), and researchers tend to utilize the NPI to measure narcissism as a personality trait rather than to ascertain a clinical diagnosis (Raskin & Terry, 1988).”
From Humility and Servant-Leadership: Toward a Solution of Pastoral Narcissism (2024) · cites this paper as Raskin & Hall, 1979
In the citing paper
“Grandiose narcissism displays substantial correlation with extraversion, while vulnerable narcissism correlates highly with introversion.”
From The Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Raskin and Hall, 1979
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 999
French Adaptation of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory in a Belgian French-Speaking Sample
Braun, S., Kempenaers, C., Linkowski, P., & Loas, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01980 · Cited by 21
Choi, Y. (2019) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2019.1573486 · Cited by 25
Beard, A., & Bakeman, R. A. (2001) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy · doi:10.1300/j236v04n02_07 · Cited by 20
Career Interests, Personality, and the Dark Triad
Schneider, T. J., McLarnon, M. J. W., & Carswell, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072715616128 · Cited by 23
Descriptive Studies on Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Ronningstam, E. F., & Gunderson, J. G. (1989) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30416-7 · Cited by 20
The interactive effects of incentive threshold and narcissism on managerial decision-making
Dworkis, K. K. (2013) · University of Southern California Digital Library · doi:10.25549/usctheses-c3-129532 · Cited by 20
The Dark Cube: dark character profiles and OCEAN
Garcia, D., & Moraga, F. R. G. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3845 · Cited by 19
Exploring the Relationship Between Narcissism and Extreme Altruism
White, D., Szabó, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2018) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.1.0065 · Cited by 20
The dark side of sports: Personality, values, and athletic aggression
Greitemeyer, T. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103500 · Cited by 19
Levine, R. S., Smith, K. A., & Wagner, N. J. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01344-5 · Cited by 20
Study of CEO Narcissism and Corporate R&D Investment
Wang, L., Li, H., & Mu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.888618 · Cited by 22
Takami, K., Flanagan, B., Dai, Y., & Ogata, H. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00282-6 · Cited by 27
Thornton, M. A., & Tamir, D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44870-7 · Cited by 28
Scharbert, J., Dein, L. M., Kroencke, L., Nestler, S., Back, M. D., & Utesch, K. (2024) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000495 · Cited by 21
Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Homosexual and Heterosexual Male Students
Rubinstein, G. (2010) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/00926230903375594 · Cited by 19
Emotional Characteristics of Narcissists with Grandiosity and Vulnerability
Yang, J.-W., & Kwon, S. (2016) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2016.35.1.011 · Cited by 18
Narcissism, gender, and evolutionary theory: The role of private and public self-absorption
Barnett, M. D., & Sharp, K. J. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.008 · Cited by 20
Dinić, B. M., & Vujić, A. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118794404 · Cited by 22
Mayer, S. J., & Nguyen, C. G. (2021) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v9i3.4000 · Cited by 27
Cultural and Personality Determinants of Leniency in Self-Rating among Chinese People
Xie, J. L., Chen, Z., & Roy, J. (2006) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00043.x · Cited by 18
The UWBQ-I: An Adaption and Validation of a Measure of Instigated Incivility
Gray, C. J., Carter, N. T., & Sears, K. L. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-015-9433-6 · Cited by 21
Measurement of narcissism: From classical applications to modern approaches
Rogoza, R., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Studia Psychologica Theoria et praxis · doi:10.21697/sp.2018.18.1.02 · Cited by 19
Joubert, C. E. (1992) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1992.70.3c.1111 · Cited by 19
Meier, L. L., & Semmer, N. K. (2012) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.657038 · Cited by 19
THE MEASUREMENT OF NARCISSISM IN ASIAN, CAUCASIAN, AND HISPANIC AMERICAN WOMEN
SMITH, B. M. (1990) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.67.7.779-785 · Cited by 19
Personality and Sexual Anomalies: An Examination of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
Langevin, R., Lang, R. A., Reynolds, R., et al. (1988) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/107906328800100103 · Cited by 19
Li, X., Wang, Y., Yang, M. M.-H., & Tang, Y. (2022) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2021.100923 · Cited by 19
Montoro, C. I., de la Coba, P., Padilla, M. M., & Galvez-Sánchez, C. M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12040091 · Cited by 24
Molenda, Z., Marchlewska, M., & Rogoza, M. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111947 · Cited by 18
Vice-chancellor narcissism and university performance
Khoo, S., Perotti, P., Verousis, T., & Watermeyer, R. (2023) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104901 · Cited by 21
CEO Narcissism and Credit Ratings
Hou, Z., Fairchild, R. J., & Perotti, P. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05691-2 · Cited by 19
Penney, S. R., Moretti, M. M., & Silva, K. S. D. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410801955888 · Cited by 21
Using the bogus pipeline to investigate grandiose narcissism
Brunell, A. B., & Fisher, T. D. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.05.015 · Cited by 18
Machiavellian flexibility in negative mate retention
Jones, D. N., & de Roos, M. S. (2017) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12181 · Cited by 18
Manley, H., Roberts, R., Beattie, S., & Woodman, T. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.024 · Cited by 18
Preconceito e bullying: marcas da regressão psíquica socialmente induzida
Crochíck, J. L. (2019) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-6564e190006 · Cited by 18
Willing to do what others won't: Narcissism, risk-taking, and social approval
Leder, J., Foster, J. D., & Schütz, A. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109672 · Cited by 19
Resume fraud and counterproductive behavior: The impact of narcissism in the labor market
Zvi, L., & Shtudiner, Z. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2021.101715 · Cited by 22
von Känel, R., Herr, R. M., Vianen, A. E. M. V., & Schmidt, B. (2017) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2016-0136 · Cited by 23
Kernberg and Kohut: A Test of Competing Psychoanalytic Models of Narcissism
Glassman, M. (1988) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306518803600302 · Cited by 18
The MMPI and the MCMI in the Evaluation of Narcissism in a Clinical Sample
Chatham, P. M., Tibbals, C. J., & Harrington, M. E. (1993) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6002_3 · Cited by 18
Why Sin?—A Test and an Exploration of the Social and Psychological Context of Resentment and Desire
Nauta, R., & Derckx, L. G. M. (2007) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-007-0097-7 · Cited by 18
Narcissism and Belief in the Paranormal
Roe, C. A., & Morgan, C. L. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.405 · Cited by 18
Assessing Dark Tetrad traits: A COSMIN systematic review of measurement instruments available
Welsh, C. A., Ferguson, L. M., McKeown, L., Gerlach, T. M., Doumas, M., Truhan, T. E., & Papageorgiou, K. Α. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112431 · Cited by 20
The Dark Side of Emotion Recognition – Evidence From Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and China
Schmitt, H., Sindermann, C., Li, M., Ma, Y., Kendrick, K. M., Becker, B., & Montag, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01132 · Cited by 22
Narcissism and academic performance: A case of suppression
McManus, K. C., Pillow, D. R., & Coyle, T. R. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111820 · Cited by 19
Kałowski, P., Zajączkowska, M., Branowska, K., Olechowska, A., Siemieniuk, A., Dryll, E. M., & Banasik‐Jemielniak, N. (2023) · Metaphor and Symbol · doi:10.1080/10926488.2022.2160253 · Cited by 19
Borráz-León, J. I., Spreitzer, A., Scrivner, C., Landers, M., Lee, R., & Maestripieri, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067456 · Cited by 20
Rubenstein, A. L., Xia, Y., Lan, Y., Morrison, H. M., & Newton, D. W. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231213657 · Cited by 19
Jornkokgoud, K., Baggio, T., Bakiaj, R., Wongupparaj, P., Job, R., & Grecucci, A. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16345 · Cited by 16
Awuah, B., Elbardan, H., & Yazdifar, H. (2024) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3889 · Cited by 22
La medición empírica del narcisismo
Garduño, J. M. G., & Sotres, J. F. C. (1998) · Psicothema · Cited by 17
Pechorro, P. S., Gentile, B., Ray, J. V., Nunes, C., & Gonçalves, R. A. (2016) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2016.1168421 · Cited by 15
Määttä, M., & Uusiautti, S. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2018.1513924 · Cited by 17
The relations between deception, narcissism and self-assessed lie- and truth-related abilities
Elaad, E., Hanania, S. B., Mazor, S., & Zvi, L. (2020) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2020.1751328 · Cited by 19
Sadism as a Key Dark Trait in the Link Between Football Fandom and Criminal Attitudes
Međedović, J. M., & Kovačević, U. (2020) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000325 · Cited by 16
Chughtai, M. S., & Ali Shah, S. Z. (2020) · Management Issues in Healthcare System · doi:10.33844/mihs.2020.60233 · Cited by 17
Exploring the Links Between Trait Anger, Self-Reported Sarcasm Use, and Narcissism
Kałowski, P., Szymaniak, K., & Maciantowicz, O. (2021) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0335-6 · Cited by 18
Narcissism: Its function in modulating self-conscious emotions
Uji, M., Nagata, T., & Kitamura, T. (2012) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2012.76.3.211 · Cited by 17
McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., Kocalar, D., & Haji, R. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.007 · Cited by 17
The dark side of equity sensitivity
Woodley, H. J. R., & Allen, N. J. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.003 · Cited by 18
Адаптация Короткого опросника Темной триады
Егорова, М., Ситникова, М. А., & Паршикова, О. (2015) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v8i43.1052 · Cited by 17
Narcissism, intrinsic and extrinsic romantic ideals, and relationship satisfaction
Seidman, G. (2016) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407515615693 · Cited by 17
An Examination of the Dark Triad Constructs with Regard to Prosocial Behavior
Palmer, J. A., & Tackett, S. (2018) · Acta Psychopathologica · doi:10.4172/2469-6676.100161 · Cited by 17
The Many Measures of Grandiose Narcissism
Foster, J. D., Brantley, J. A., Kern, M. L., Kotzé, J.-L., Slagel, B. A., & Szabó, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_12 · Cited by 19
Joubert, C. E. (1989) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3.721 · Cited by 17
Narcissistic traits in psychiatric patients
Ronningstam, E. F., & Gunderson, J. G. (1988) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(88)90073-9 · Cited by 17
Dowson, J. H. (1992) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(92)90062-u · Cited by 16
Grosz, M. P., Hartmann, I., Dufner, M., Leckelt, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., Denissen, J. J. A., Küfner, A. C. P., & Back, M. D. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211020075 · Cited by 16
Rogoza, R., & Danieluk, B. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104129 · Cited by 16
Narcissistic People Cannot Be Moved Easily by Visual Stimulation
Seno, T., Yamada, Y., & Ihaya, K. (2011) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p7062 · Cited by 16
Altmann, T. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.009 · Cited by 20
Garcia, D., Rosenberg, P., Nima, A. A., Granjard, A., Cloninger, K. M., & Sikström, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00016 · Cited by 16
Mielke, I., Humberg, S., Leckelt, M., Geukes, K., & Back, M. D. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620930543 · Cited by 15
Wallace, H. M., Scheiner, B. R. M., & Grotzinger, A. D. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9410-x · Cited by 16
Friedemann, Y., Tolmacz, R., & Doron, Y. (2016) · The American Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1057/ajp.2015.60 · Cited by 16
Seidman, G., Roberts, A., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.039 · Cited by 16
Watson, J. M. (2012) · International journal on teaching and learning in higher education · Cited by 16
Historical overview of pathological narcissism.
Grenyer, B. F. S. (2013) · Understanding and treating pathological narcissism. · doi:10.1037/14041-001 · Cited by 16
Offener und verdeckter Narzissmus
Neumann, E. (2009) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-009-0714-2 · Cited by 16
Watson, P. J., Trumpeter, N. N., O'Leary, B. J., Morris, R. J., & Culhane, S. E. (2006) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/40au-00rd-cv7q-vbpb · Cited by 16
Eyring, W. E., & Sobelman, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.403 · Cited by 16
Gendering the silences: psychoanalysis, gender and organization studies
Lowe, L. J., Mills, A. J., & Mullen, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940210432655 · Cited by 16
Narcissistic Measures of Lutheran Clergy Who Self-Reported Committing Sexual Misconduct
Francis, P. C., & Baldo, T. D. B. (1998) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022920528072 · Cited by 16
Page, L. D., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2500 · Cited by 18
Traits and Distorted Symptom Presentation: a Scoping Review
van Helvoort, D. H. J., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., van Nieuwenhuizen, C., & Otgaar, H. (2022) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-022-09446-0 · Cited by 19
Blickle, G., Böhm, F., & Wihler, A. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112230 · Cited by 16
Araujo, B. B., Ferreira, L. B., Jesuíno, A. D. S. A., Filho, N. H., & Iglesias, F. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102133 · Cited by 15
Development as an Explanation for and Predictor of Online Self-Disclosure Among Dutch Adolescents
Krcmar, M., van der Meer, A., & Cingel, D. P. (2015) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2015.1015432 · Cited by 15
Examining trait entitlement using the self-other knowledge asymmetry model
Miller, B. K., & Gallagher, D. G. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.030 · Cited by 14
Vize, C. E., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814627-9.00017-7 · Cited by 19
Kaufmann, L. M., Wheeler, M. A., & Sojo, V. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673226 · Cited by 14
Hepper, E. G., Ellett, L., Kerley, D., & Kingston, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12693 · Cited by 20
Pierro, R. D., & Fanti, E. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210404 · Cited by 17
Relationships between narcissism and aggression among non-referred Turkish university students
Öngen, D. E. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.114 · Cited by 15
Is narcissism associated with baseline cortisol in men and women?
Wardecker, B. M., Chopik, W. J., LaBelle, O. P., & Edelstein, R. S. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.006 · Cited by 12
Spencer, C., Foster, J. D., & Bedwell, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_318 · Cited by 16
Narcissism over time in Australia and Canada: A cross-temporal meta-analysis
Hamamura, T., Johnson, C. A., & Stankovic, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109707 · Cited by 15
Processes of Change in Psychotherapy for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Maillard, P., Berthoud, L., Kolly, S., Sachse, R., & Kramer, U. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.63 · Cited by 16
Orientations to Happiness between the Dark Triad Traits and Subjective Well-Being
Limone, P., Sinatra, M., & Monacis, L. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10050090 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Santa Cruz, California
- Venue
- Psychological Reports
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 590-590
- ISSN
- 0033-2941 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-691X
- OpenAlex
- W2312818401
- Cited by
- 1,975
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- narcissistic personality disorder, narcissism, personality assessment, personality tests, DSM-III-R, grandiosity, entitlement, lack of empathy, exhibitionism, reply to critics
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Narcissism, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review