Acute Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Discomfort, Acid‐Base Balance, and Performance of Jiu‐Jitsu Athletes

“The sample size was determined using G*power software (version 3.1.9.2, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat in Dusseldorf, Germany) (Faul et al., 2007) and was considered to have a power of 0.80, α of 0.05 and an effect size of 0.5, with a statistical power of 89.2%, calculated by the procedures suggested by Beck (2013).”

“The numerical classification scale (NRS) (scale 0-10, with zero reflecting no gastrointestinal discomfort and 10 indicating the most severe gastrointestinal discomfort) was used to classify the intensity of these symptoms (Dworkin et al., 2005).”

“, 2018), due to the greater need to buffer the hydrogen ions (H+) released by the dissociation of lactic acid molecules formed in large quantities in the sarcoplasm during high intensity exercise, causing the reduction of intramuscular pH and having a direct relation with the development of fatigue (Chin and Allen, 19…”

“According to Franchini et al. (2011), it has been considered that the main adaptation to training of athletes would be the increase in muscular endurance since during the fight repetitive vigorous isometric actions with short recovery intervals between them are necessary.”

“…was determined using G*power software (version 3.1.9.2, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat in Dusseldorf, Germany) (Faul et al., 2007) and was considered to have a power of 0.80, α of 0.05 and an effect size of 0.5, with a statistical power of 89.2%, calculated by the procedures suggested by Beck (2013).”

“The questionnaire had been validated to measure gastrointestinal discomfort (Jeukendrup et al., 2000) and consisted of six items (nausea, stomach cramps, flatulence, belching, bloating, and diarrhea) grouped together describing common gastrointestinal symptoms.”

“…acid molecules formed in large quantities in the sarcoplasm during high intensity exercise, causing the reduction of intramuscular pH and having a direct relation with the development of fatigue (Chin and Allen, 1998; Fabiato and Fabiato, 1978; Spriet et al., 1989; Westerblad and Allen, 1993).”

“The use of NaHCO3- supplementation depending on the dosage has not been advised as there is an increased incidence of adverse effects such as gastrointestinal distress (Junior et al., 2015).”

“In our study, fractional supplementation was performed in three equal dosages and athletes did not report any discomfort (Carr et al., 2011; Driller et al., 2013).”

“A oneweek washout period was adopted to eliminate any residual effect of NaHCO3- supplementation (Bishop and Claudius, 2005).”

“…acid molecules formed in large quantities in the sarcoplasm during high intensity exercise, causing the reduction of intramuscular pH and having a direct relation with the development of fatigue (Chin and Allen, 1998; Fabiato and Fabiato, 1978; Spriet et al., 1989; Westerblad and Allen, 1993).”

“…acid molecules formed in large quantities in the sarcoplasm during high intensity exercise, causing the reduction of intramuscular pH and having a direct relation with the development of fatigue (Chin and Allen, 1998; Fabiato and Fabiato, 1978; Spriet et al., 1989; Westerblad and Allen, 1993).”

“…sports performance have been extensively investigated, however, most of the studies have been limited mainly to examining its effects on activities that basically involve dynamic muscle actions (Artioli et al., 2007; Driller et al., 2013; Durkalec-Michalski et al., 2018; Lopes-Silva et al., 2018).”

“The dose of 0.3 g.kg-1 NaHCO3- administered in the experimental protocol has been shown to be efficient in inducing a high degree of metabolic alkalosis, in addition to providing greater performance benefits in relation to lower and higher doses of NaHCO3- (McNaughton, 1992).”

“…a positive electrochemical Journal of Human Kinetics - volume 75/2020 http://www.johk.pl gradient to displace these ions out of active muscle fibers, which would result in delayed muscle fatigue (Chycki et al., 2018a; Siegler and Hirscher, 2010; Van Montfoort et al., 2004; Verbitsky et al., 1997).”

“…there is a time dependence between the end of the supplementation intake and the beginning of the exercise, since in the present study as in others (Cameron et al., 2010; Kumstát et al., 2018; Siegler et al., 2015; Siegler et al., 2016) there was a time between 60 and 90 min for blood collection…”

“However, the above findings contrast with other studies that have verified the effectiveness of NaHCO3- supplementation on large muscles in isometric contractions (Hunter et al., 2009; Siegler and Marshall, 2015; Verbitsky et al., 1997) and in”

“Therefore, although research has shown that isometric handgrip exercise can lead to a pronounced decrease in intramuscular pH (Nielsen et al., 2002; Soller et al., 2007), intracellular pH regulation could not possibly be compromised by a lower efficiency of the intramuscular pH extracellular…”

“…energy source is predominantly from the anaerobic glycolytic pathway (Artioli et al., 2007; Chycki et al., 2018b; Durkalec-Michalski et al., 2018; Lopes-Silva et al., 2018), due to the greater need to buffer the hydrogen ions (H+) released by the dissociation of lactic acid molecules formed in…”

“In the control protocol, the NaCl dose administered was used as a placebo substance, according to previous studies (Cameron et al., 2010; Siegler et al., 2010).”

“…a positive electrochemical Journal of Human Kinetics - volume 75/2020 http://www.johk.pl gradient to displace these ions out of active muscle fibers, which would result in delayed muscle fatigue (Chycki et al., 2018a; Siegler and Hirscher, 2010; Van Montfoort et al., 2004; Verbitsky et al., 1997).”

“…in high-intensity activities, where the primary energy source is predominantly from the anaerobic glycolytic pathway (Artioli et al., 2007; Chycki et al., 2018b; Durkalec-Michalski et al., 2018; Lopes-Silva et al., 2018), due to the greater need to buffer the hydrogen ions (H+) released…”

“The positive effects of an environment more conducive to the regulation of muscular pH for sports performance have been extensively investigated, however, most of the studies have been limited mainly to examining its effects on activities that basically involve dynamic muscle actions (Artioli et al., 2007; Driller et…”

“…in high-intensity activities, where the primary energy source is predominantly from the anaerobic glycolytic pathway (Artioli et al., 2007; Chycki et al., 2018b; Durkalec-Michalski et al., 2018; Lopes-Silva et al., 2018), due to the greater need to buffer the hydrogen ions (H+) released…”

“…the end of the supplementation intake and the beginning of the exercise, since in the present study as in others (Cameron et al., 2010; Kumstát et al., 2018; Siegler et al., 2015; Siegler et al., 2016) there was a time between 60 and 90 min for blood collection and subsequent start of the test.”

“…the end of the supplementation intake and the beginning of the exercise, since in the present study as in others (Cameron et al., 2010; Kumstát et al., 2018; Siegler et al., 2015; Siegler et al., 2016) there was a time between 60 and 90 min for blood collection and subsequent start of the test.”

“The athlete had to maintain the described position holding in his hand the dynamometer that was supported on a stable base, according to a previous study (Oliveira et al., 2006).”

“…the isometric contraction adopted may also have been responsible for the lack of positive response to NaHCO3supplementation, due to the decrease in oxygen saturation and likely protagonism of poor availability of muscle oxygen, leading to the acceleration of fatigue (Akima and Ando, 2016).”

“Some studies that used dynamic tests involving greater muscle mass observed a significant increase in lactate when NaHCO3- supplementation was administered (Cameron et al., 2010; Ferreira et al., 2019; Lopes-Silva et al., 2018).”

“Thus, it seems that there is a time dependence between the end of the supplementation intake and the beginning of the exercise, since in the present study as in others (Cameron et al., 2010; Kumstát et al., 2018; Siegler et al., 2015; Siegler et al., 2016) there was a time between 60 and 90 min for blood collection an…”

“One mechanism that can best elucidate the limited ergogenic effect of NaHCO3- supplementation on exercises involving small amounts of muscle mass is a reduced release of H+ ions into the extracellular environment (Soller et al., 2007).”

“…the end of the supplementation intake and the beginning of the exercise, since in the present study as in others (Cameron et al., 2010; Kumstát et al., 2018; Siegler et al., 2015; Siegler et al., 2016) there was a time between 60 and 90 min for blood collection and subsequent start of the test.”

“On the other hand, the same protocol could not improve handgrip strength and total forearm contractions [59].”

“This may be due to the large diversity of the organ - ism’s individual response to this agent and supplementation protocols [20, 24], or related to digestive system problems that can appear in some people [18, 25].”

“Nonetheless, it is important to note that some athletes may be unable to tolerate direct bicarbonate supplementation, as it can lead to gastrointestinal issues (McNaughton et al., 2016; Ragone et al., 2020).”

“Without taking artificial dietary supplements, which are typically administered in capsule form and may induce gastrointestinal disorders [21], a single instance of acute consumption of natural water rich in HCO 3 − ions with a high bicarbonate content (4368 mg/L) could be an easy and natural way…”

“However, there are claims that sodium bicarbonate ingestion has no beneficial effects on performance (14, 15).”