Nutritional strategies to modulate intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise
Open accessAbstract
Intramuscular acidosis is a contributing factor to fatigue during high-intensity exercise. Many nutritional strategies aiming to increase intra- and extracellular buffering capacity have been investigated. Among these, supplementation of beta-alanine (~3-6.4 g/day for 4 weeks or longer), the rate-limiting factor to the intramuscular synthesis of carnosine (i.e. an intracellular buffer), has been shown to result in positive effects on exercise performance in which acidosis is a contributing factor to fatigue. Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and sodium/calcium lactate supplementation have been employed in an attempt to increase the extracellular buffering capacity. Although all attempts have increased blood bicarbonate concentrations, evidence indicates that sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg body mass) is the most effective in improving high-intensity exercise performance. The evidence supporting the ergogenic effects of sodium citrate and lactate remain weak. These nutritional strategies are not without side effects, as gastrointestinal distress is often associated with the effective doses of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and calcium lactate. Similarly, paresthesia (i.e. tingling sensation of the skin) is currently the only known side effect associated with beta-alanine supplementation, and it is caused by the acute elevation in plasma beta-alanine concentration after a single dose of beta-alanine. Finally, the co-supplementation of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate may result in additive ergogenic gains during high-intensity exercise, although studies are required to investigate this combination in a wide range of sports.
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Power is more related to glycolytic metabolism and is limited by H+ accumulation.
“One possible explanation for this finding is that power is more related to glycolytic metabolism and is limited by H+ accumulation (Lancha Junior et al., 2015; Lopes-Silva et al., 2019).”
From Acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate has negligible effect on anaerobic performance but affects metabolomics and attenuates the gastrointestinal response (2022) · cites this paper as Lancha Junior et al., 2015
The Introduction links H+ accumulation during high-intensity exercise to fatigue and says acidosis may inhibit glycolysis and reduce performance. It does not establish that power is more related to glycolytic metabolism than other energy sources, and it describes H+ as a possible contributor to fatigue rather than a definitive limit on power. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“Sodium bicarbonate supplementation has consistently caused blood alkalosis [12, 77, 78] accompanied by an increase in blood bicarbonate concentrations (for a review, see Carr et al.”
BackgroundMaximal Exercise Tolerance After Induced Alkalosis
Katz, A., COSTILL, D. L., King, D. S., Hargreaves, M., & Fink, W. (1984) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025890 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bicarbonate is a blood buffer that plays an important role in maintaining both extracellular and intracellular pH, despite its inability to permeate the sarcolemma [12, 74].”
BackgroundPainelli, V. D. S., Roschel, H., de Jesus, F. D., Sale, C., Harris, R., Solis, M., Benatti, F., Gualano, B., Lancha, A., & Artioli, G. (2013) · Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0286 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationLactate and H+ uptake in inactive muscles during intense exercise in man.
Bangsbo, J., Aagaard, T., Olsen, M., Kiens, B., Turcotte, L., & Richter, E. A. (1995) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020960 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As a consequence of increased blood pH and HCO3 , there is a parallel increase in the intracellular/extracellular gradient of H, enhancing the activity of the lactate/H cotransporters [79–81], ultimately leading to a greater efflux of H and lactate out of the active muscles and into the circulation, where they are buf…”
BackgroundLactate oxidation in human skeletal muscle mitochondria
Jacobs, R. A., Meinild, A., Nordsborg, N. B., & Lundby, C. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00476.2012 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Once in the bloodstream, it can be taken up by several tissues, including skeletal muscle, where it is oxidised [117].”
BackgroundAshikawa, I., & Itoh, K. (1979) · doi:10.1002/bip.1979.360180804 · Cited by 76 · cited 1×
“83 [41, 42], making carnosine an obligatory physicochemical buffer.”
BackgroundThe sarcolemmal lactate transporter: transmembrane determinants of lactate flux.
Roth, D. (1991) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199108000-00007 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As a consequence of increased blood pH and HCO3 , there is a parallel increase in the intracellular/extracellular gradient of H, enhancing the activity of the lactate/H cotransporters [79–81], ultimately leading to a greater efflux of H and lactate out of the active muscles and into the circulation, where they are buf…”
BackgroundEffect of Combined β-Alanine and SodiumBicarbonate Supplementation on Cycling Performance
Bellinger, P., Howe, S., Shing, C. M., & Fell, J. W. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824cc08d · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sodium citrate and anaerobic performance: implications of dosage
McNaughton, L. R. (1990) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00236058 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5 g/kg BM sodium citrate, with all incidences occurring within the first 60 min post-ingestion [103].”
BackgroundKern, B. D., & Robinson, T. L. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e741cf · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dunnett, M., & Harris, R. (1997) · Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)88054-1 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, plasma and intramuscular concentrations of L-histidine are substantially higher than beta-alanine [45].”
BackgroundEffect of Beta-Alanine With and Without Sodium Bicarbonate on 2,000-m Rowing Performance
Hobson, R. M., Harris, R. C., Martin, D., Smith, P., Macklin, B., Gualano, B., & Sale, C. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.480 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, there is now a growing body of evidence to support the effective use of beta-alanine among the elite athletic populations; athletes involved in 100- and 200-m freestyle swimming [67], 2000-m rowing [68–70] and 800-m running [55].”
BackgroundÖöpik, V., Saaremets, I., Medijainen, L., Karelson, K., Janson, T., & Timpmann, S. (2003) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.6.485 · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5 g/kg did improve 3000-m running performance in male and female athletes [107] and 5000-m running performance in well-trained college runners [108].”
BackgroundParry-billings, M., & Maclaren, D. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00421648 · Cited by 65 · cited 2× · see citing works
“3 g/kg BM sodium citrate on a variety of exercise protocols [97, 98, 102].”
BackgroundSolis, M., Cooper, S., Hobson, R., Artioli, G., Otaduy, M., Roschel, H., Robertson, J., Martin, D., Painelli, V., Harris, R., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123857 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Carnosine is a cytoplasmic dipeptide abundantly found in excitable tissues, such as skeletal muscle [31], heart [34] and in some brain regions [35], although the highest concentrations of carnosine in humans are found in skeletal muscle.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffect of Beta Alanine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Repeated-Sprint Performance
Ducker, K., Dawson, B., & Wallman, K. (2013) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828fd310 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“No beneficial effects were shown on repeated bouts of\10 s in duration [96, 123].”
BackgroundSaunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R. C., & Sunderland, C. D. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0102 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationSodium citrate ingestion and its effects on maximal anaerobic exercise of different durations
McNaughton, L. R., & Cedaro, R. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00376437 · Cited by 56 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In order to recover this equilibrium, a decrease of H in plasma occurs as well as a resultant increase in HCO3 , enhancing the extracellular buffering capacity [99].”
Backgroundβ-alanine supplementation improves YoYo intermittent recovery test performance
Saunders, B., Sunderland, C., Harris, R. C., & Sale, C. (2012) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-39 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationNg, R., & Marshall, F. D. (1978) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb07051.x · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3 mmol/L) [43, 44].”
The effects of alkaline treatment on short‐term maximal exercise
Inbar, O., Rotstein, A., Jacobs, I., Kaiser, P., Dlin, R., & Dotan, R. (1983) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640418308729666 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The effect of bicarbonate concentration on fatigue and recovery in isolated rat diaphragm muscle.
Mainwood, G. W., & Cechetto, D. (1980) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y80-103 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In both reactions, there is a net consumption of H, which could indirectly spare blood bicarbonate and increase blood pH [113, 119], increasing lactate and H efflux from the muscle, therefore decreasing intramuscular H concentration [79, 80].”
BackgroundDanaher, J., Gerber, T., Wellard, R. M., & Stathis, C. G. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2895-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effects of induced alkalosis on simulated match performance in elite female water polo players.
Tan, F., Polglaze, T., Cox, G., Dawson, B., Mujika, I., & Clark, S. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.198 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, there is evidence to suggest that sodium bicarbonate is also beneficial to sport-specific performance in a variety of disciplines where the metabolic demands are predominantly anaerobic, such as judo, swimming, boxing and water polo [89–92].”
BackgroundSodium Citrate Ingestion Enhances 30 km Cycling Performance
Potteiger, J., Nickei, G. L., Webster, M., Haub, M., & Palmer, R. J. (1996) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-972800 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[101] showed peak values of pH and HCO3 - in blood 100–120 min following the ingestion of 0.”
BackgroundPainelli, V. D. S., Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R. C., Solis, M. Y., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Artioli, G. G., & Lancha, A. H. (2014) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1678-2 · Cited by 47 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Both groups showed a similar improvement in total work done (*3 %) following supplementation [58], indicating that beta-alanine is equally efficient in untrained and athletic populations.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationChung, W., Shaw, G., Anderson, M. E., Pyne, D., Saunders, P., Bishop, D., & Burke, L. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4101441 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Linossier, M., Dormois, D., Br�g�re, P., GEYSSANT, A., & Denis, C. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050211 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The effects of sodium citrate on exercise have been well documented, with numerous original investigations assessing its ergogenic capacity [97–112].”
BackgroundFavero, S. D., Roschel, H., Solis, M., Hayashi, A. P., Artioli, G., Otaduy, M., Benatti, F., Harris, R., Wise, J., Leite, C., et al. (2011) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1190-x · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In light of the current evidence suggesting no major side effects other than paraesthesia during supplementation of 2–16 weeks in duration [46, 47, 73], athletes can safely”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchabort, E. J., Wilson, G. R., & Noakes, T. D. (2000) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210000264 · Cited by 41 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The effects of sodium citrate on exercise have been well documented, with numerous original investigations assessing its ergogenic capacity [97–112].”
BackgroundChung, W., Baguet, A., Bex, T., Bishop, D., & Derave, W. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0125 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on 2000-m rowing-ergometer performance.
Ducker, K., Dawson, B., & Wallman, K. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.4.336 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Multiday acute sodium bicarbonate intake improves endurance capacity and reduces acidosis in men
Mueller, S. M., Gehrig, S. M., Frese, S., Wagner, C. A., Boutellier, U., & Toigo, M. (2013) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-16 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several strategies have been adopted in order to minimise the discomfort associated with acute sodium bicarbonate supplementation, including multiday ingestion [94], chronic administration [95] and split-dose protocols [54, 96].”
MethodEffect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on 800-m Running Performance
Ducker, K. J., DAWSON, B. T., & Wallman, K. E. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.6.554 · Cited by 37 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Several studies have shown the efficacy of increased muscle carnosine content through beta-alanine supplementation on high-intensity exercises lasting 1–4 min; exercise performance and capacity have been improved in a variety of cycling [46, 51–54], running [55, 56], and repeated-bout upper- and lower-body protocols […”
BackgroundHowe, S. T., Bellinger, P., Driller, M., Shing, C., & Fell, J. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.6.562 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
NADH content in type I and type II human muscle fibres after dynamic exercise.
Ren, J.-M., Henriksson, J., Katz, A., & Sahlin, K. (1988) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2510183 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As a consequence of increased blood pH and HCO3 , there is a parallel increase in the intracellular/extracellular gradient of H, enhancing the activity of the lactate/H cotransporters [79–81], ultimately leading to a greater efflux of H and lactate out of the active muscles and into the circulation, where they are buf…”
BackgroundThe effect of citrate loading on exercise performance, acid-base balance and metabolism
Kowalchuk, J. M., Maltais, S. A., Yamaji, K., & Hughson, R. L. (1989) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf02332219 · Cited by 36 · cited 2× · see citing works
“3 g/kg BM sodium citrate on a variety of exercise protocols [97, 98, 102].”
BackgroundHannah, R., Stannard, R. L., Minshull, C., Artioli, G., Harris, R., & Sale, C. (2015) · Journal of applied physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00991.2014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationLeg muscle pH following sprint running.
Costill, D., Barnett, A., Sharp, R., Fink, W., & Katz, A. (1983) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198304000-00013 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“Sodium bicarbonate supplementation has consistently caused blood alkalosis [12, 77, 78] accompanied by an increase in blood bicarbonate concentrations (for a review, see Carr et al.”
BackgroundMorris, D. M., Shafer, R., Fairbrother, K. R., & Woodall, M. W. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.4.311 · Cited by 29 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Lactate supplementation has been suggested as a strategy capable of increasing extracellular buffering capacity [105, 113].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBelfry, G. R., Raymer, G. H., Marsh, G. D., Paterson, D. H., Thompson, R. T., & Thomas, S. G. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01059.2011 · Cited by 27 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Repeated-bout high-intensity exercise may induce a greater severity of muscle acidosis, particularly in the latter bouts [86], leading to several studies that have investigated the effects of co-supplementation of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate on exercise of this type.”
BackgroundConversion of specifically 14 C-labeled lactate and pyruvate to glucose in man.
Hostetler, K., Williams, H., Shreeve, W., & Landau, B. R. (1969) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94368-1 · Cited by 27 · cited 1×
“Alternatively, lactate can be taken up by hepatocytes, where it is converted into glucose [118].”
BackgroundReliability of a high-intensity cycling capacity test
Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R. C., Morris, J. G., & Sunderland, C. D. (2012) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.07.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationCox, G. R., & Jenkins, D. G. (1994) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419408732197 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, sodium citrate was equally unable to improve repeated 60-s sprints in moderately active males [111].”
BackgroundŐőpik, V., Saaremets, I., Timpmann, S., Medijainen, L., & Karelson, K. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h04-044 · Cited by 25 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, further research from this group has yielded contrasting evidence with no effect of an equivalent dose on 5-km time trial in trained male runners [109] or 1500-m performance in trained female middledistance runners [110] following 0.”
BackgroundResultEffect of induced alkalosis on physical work capacity during arm and leg exercise
Robertson, R. J., Falkel, J. E., DRASH, A. L., Swank, A. M., Metz, K. F., SPUNGEN, S. A., & LeBOEUF, J. R. (1987) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138708969674 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“performance test, which results in even greater acidosis than leg cycling exercises [122], and theoretically would make our protocol more sensitive to detect the effects of calcium lactate ingestion on performance.”
BackgroundAn Investigation into the Effects of Sodium Citrate Ingestion on High-Intensity Exercise Performance
van Someren, K. A., Fulcher, K., McCarthy, J. P., Moore, J. P., Horgan, G., & Langford, R. M. (1998) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.8.4.356 · Cited by 19 · cited 3× · see citing works
“3 g/kg BM sodium citrate on a variety of exercise protocols [97, 98, 102].”
BackgroundPainelli, V. D. S., da Silva, R. P., de Oliveira, O. M., de Oliveira, L. F., Benatti, F. B., Rabelo, T., Guilherme, J. P. L. F., Lancha, A. H., & Artioli, G. G. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0191 · Cited by 19 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The only reported side effects from sodium/calcium lactate supplementation resulted from a recent study conducted in our laboratory [120].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationIs There a Physiologic Basis for Creatine Use in Children and Adolescents?
UNNITHAN, V. B., VEEHOF, S. H. E., VELLA, C. A., & KERN, M. (2001) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200111000-00021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Carnosinase activity of human gastrointestinal mucosa.
Sadikali, F., Darwish, R., & Watson, W. (1975) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.16.8.585 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“Alternative synthesis from pathways in the gut [29] and kidney [30] might also account for some endogenous production of beta-alanine, although the very low fasting concentrations in blood [31] suggest that endogenous synthesis is rather low and does not constitute a significant source of beta-alanine for the tissues.”
BackgroundBuffering and H+ ion dynamics in muscle tissues.
Heisler, N. (2004) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2004.06.019 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The human body contains well-regulated mechanisms to maintain the intracellular and extracellular pH within the physiological range, including intracellular buffers, extracellular buffers, dynamic buffering systems, as well as respiratory and renal mechanisms for pH regulation [18, 19].”
BackgroundAbsorption of Lactic Acid from an Isolated Intestinal Segment in the Intact Rat
Heller, M. D., & Kern, F. (1968) · Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-127-32882 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“The lactate ingested is absorbed preferentially at the jejunum, through the sodium-coupled intestinal lactate transporter (sMCT), also known as the SLC5A8 [114–116].”
BackgroundEffects of Oral Lactate Consumption on Metabolism and Exercise Performance
Morris, D. (2012) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e31825da992 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This has led to a number of original investigations on a variety of supplements, including betaalanine, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium and calcium lactate, with several narrative, systematic and meta-analytic reviews published on these topics [21–27].”
BackgroundBreitkreutz, J., Gan, T. G., Schneider, B., & Kalisch, P. (2007) · The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology · doi:10.1211/jpp.59.1.0008 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate results in the release of HCO3 - within the stomach, which is swiftly neutralised by the H found in the stomach’s gastric juice, which leads to increased CO2 production, and may cause abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, diarrhoea and even vomiting [93].”
BackgroundRole of intracellular calcium in fatigue in single skeletal muscle fibers isolated from the rat
Hirano, H., Takahashi, E., Doi, K., & Watanabe, Y. (2000) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0928-4680(99)00029-2 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[4], decreased release/uptake of calcium ions (Ca) from/ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum [5], the depletion of energy substrates, and the accumulation of metabolites within the muscle cell [6].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
9 of the 129 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-performance Athlete
Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete
Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
“Mechanism Acts as an extracellular (blood) buffer, aiding intracellular pH regulation by raising the extracellular pH, and HCO3concentrations (Katz et al., 1984; Lancha Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialEvidence-based supplements for the enhancement of athletic performance
Peeling, P., Binnie, M. J., Goods, P. S. R., Sim, M., & Burke, L. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0343 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Beta-alanine is the rate-limiting precursor to carnosine, an endogenous intracellular (muscle) buffer, and one of the immediate defenses against the accumulation of protons in the contracting musculature during exercise (Lancha Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGrgic, J., Pedisic, Z., Saunders, B., Artioli, G. G., Schoenfeld, B. J., McKenna, M. J., Bishop, D. J., Kreider, R. B., Stout, J. R., Kalman, D. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00458-w · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationPeeling, P., Castell, L. M., Derave, W., de Hon, O., & Burke, L. M. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0271 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“(cid:129) Interactions with the concurrent use of other performance supplements require consideration; at present, this has been investigated in relation to use with caffeine with unclear results (Burke, 2017). β -Alanine β -Alanineis arate-limiting precursor tocarnosine,an endogenous intracellular (muscle) pH buffer…”
BackgroundMartín-Rodríguez, A., Belinchón-deMiguel, P., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martínez‐Guardado, I., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040571 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“This is accompanied by a proper equilibrium between the response of the hormones responsible for breaking down muscle tissue and those responsible for building it up, as well as the stability of the number of white blood cells [104,111,112].”
BackgroundInfluentialHeibel, A. B., Perim, P. H. L., Oliveira, L. F., McNaughton, L. R., & Saunders, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00035 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium/calcium lactate can all result in alkalosis, indicated by an increase in blood pH and circulating bicarbonate, and all have independently been shown to improve exercise capacity and performance under various circumstances (1).”
BackgroundSelf-citation“Food First but Not Always Food Only”: Recommendations for Using Dietary Supplements in Sport
Close, G. L., Kasper, A. M., Walsh, N. P., & Maughan, R. J. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“(Harris et al., 2006; Hobson et al., 2012; Hobson et al., 2013; Lancha Junior et al., 2015; Saunders et al., 2017) Sodium Bicarbonate Whilst feeding a high carbohydrate, low protein diet for a few days can increase blood and muscle pH, the ingestion of supplemental sodium bicarbonate at a dose of…”
InfluentialLopes-Silva, J., Santos, J. F. D. S., Artioli, G., Loturco, I., Abbiss, C., & Franchini, E. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1424942 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationExogenous Ketone Supplements in Athletic Contexts: Past, Present, and Future
Evans, M., McClure, T. S., Koutnik, A. P., & Egan, B. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01756-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Grgić, J., Rodriguez, R. F., Garofolini, A., Saunders, B., Bishop, D. J., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pedišić, Ž. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01275-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Dietary Supplements on Adaptations to Endurance Training
Rothschild, J. A., & Bishop, D. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01185-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Durkalec-Michalski, K., Zawieja, E. E., Podgórski, T., Łoniewski, I., Zawieja, B., Warzybok, M., & Jeszka, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197480 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“During high-intensity exercise, intramuscular acidity is regulated by intracellular, extracellular and dynamic buffering [9], and bicarbonate (HCO3 ) in particular is a major contributor to the buffering system in blood [10].”
BackgroundCan the Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation Be Optimized?
Perim, P., Marticorena, F., Ribeiro, F., Barreto, G., Gobbi, N., Kerksick, C., Dolan, E., & Saunders, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00135 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In particular, the biological function of carnosine as a muscle buffer makes it an interesting compound for high-intensity exercise since performance during this type of activitymay be influenced byH accumulation and can be improved by increasing buffering capacity (12).”
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Larrosa, M., Gil‐Izquierdo, Á., González‐Rodríguez, L. G., Alférez, M. J. M., Juan, A. F. S., Sánchez-Gómez, Á., Calvo‐Ayuso, N., Ramos-Álvarez, J. J., Fernández‐Lázaro, D., López-Grueso, R., et al. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae082 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance: an umbrella review
Grgić, J., Grgic, I., Coso, J. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pedišić, Ž. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00469-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wroble, K., Trott, M., Schweitzer, G., Rahman, R., Kelly, P. V., & Weiss, E. P. (2019) · Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08318-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“During high-intensity exercise, intramuscular acidity is regulated by intracellular, extracellular, and dynamic buffering systems [6].”
BackgroundCaffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation alone or together improve karate performance
Rezaei, S., Akbari, K., Gahreman, D. E., Sarshin, A., Tabben, M., Kaviani, M., Sadeghinikoo, A., Koozehchian, M. S., & Naderi, A. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0313-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Hilton, M. M., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04387-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
de Oliveira, L. F., Painelli, V. D. S., Nemezio, K., Gonçalves, L. D. S., Yamaguchi, G. D. C., Saunders, B., Gualano, B., & Artioli, G. G. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12792 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…that increasing either intra- or extracellular buffering capacity via beta-alanine or sodium bicarbonate supplementation, can improve exercise capacity and performance, particularly in exercise where acidosis is limiting to performance (Carr et al., 2011; Lancha et al., 2015; Peart et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLopes-Silva, J. P., Reale, R., & Franchini, E. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1524739 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“NaHCO3 acts as an extracellular (blood) buffer, as HCO3 − ions are unable to permeate the sarcolemma, and therefore aids intracellular pH regulation indirectly by raising both extracellular pH and HCO3 concentrations (Lancha Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrgić, J., Garofolini, A., Pickering, C., Duncan, M. J., Tinsley, G. M., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.016 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hara, Y., Kume, S., Kataoka, Y., & Watanabe, N. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08501 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sodium bicarbonate improves sprint performance in endurance cycling
Dalle, S., Koppo, K., & Hespel, P. (2020) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Quaresma, M. V. L. D. S., Marques, C. G., & Nakamoto, F. P. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110994 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dietary Acid-Base Balance in High-Performance Athletes
Baranauskas, M., Jablonskienė, V., Abaravičius, J. A., Samsonienė, L., & Stukas, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155332 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Durkalec-Michalski, K., Nowaczyk, P., Adrian, J., Kamińska, J., & Podgórski, T. (2020) · Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-020-00457-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kim, J. (2019) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2019.28.3.211 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Buzdağlı, Y., Eyipınar, C. D., Öğet, F., Şıktar, E., Forbes, S. C., & Tekin, A. (2022) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.119990 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lopes‐Silva, J. P., Choo, H. C., Franchini, É., & Abbiss, C. R. (2019) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.03.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ferreira, L. H., Smolarek, A. C., Chilibeck, P., Barros, M. P., McAnulty, S., Schoenfeld, B., Zandoná, B. A., & Souza-Junior, T. P. (2019) · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Enteric-Coated Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Gastrointestinal Side-Effects
Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Craig, M. M., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0151 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of Nutrition Interventions on Athletic Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review
Aguinaga-Ontoso, I., Guillén-Aguinaga, S., Guillén-Aguinaga, L., Alas-Brun, R., & Guillén‐Grima, F. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13061271 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Du, G., & Tao, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1077172 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rodas, G., Ferrer, E., Reche, X., Sanjuan-Herráez, J. D., McCall, A., & Quintás‐Cardama, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.923608 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on measures of wingate test performance: A meta-analysis
Grgic, J. (2022) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1850370 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This increase in blood bicarbonate is coupled with an increase in extracellular buffering, leading to a greater efflux of H out of the muscles active during exercise into the circulation (8, 9).”
BackgroundInfluentialLuo, H., Kamalden, T. F. T., Zhu, X.-L., Xiang, C., & Nasharuddin, N. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84359-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nutrition and Supplements for Elite Open-Weight Rowing
Boegman, S., & Dziedzic, C. E. (2016) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000281 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Carnosine, a cytoplasmic dipeptide of beta-alanine and L-histidine, abundant within skeletal muscle, contributes to intracellular pH regulation (32,39).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhou, K.-X., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Liu, H.-Y., Manor, B., Bao, D., Zhang, L.-Y., & Zhou, J.-H. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1094767 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“H2 intake has also been reported to induce positive effects on exercise acidosis and reduce blood lactate concentration (26), thus modulating intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise (55).”
BackgroundGilsanz, L., López‐Seoane, J., Sáiz, S. L. J., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.2012642 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cunha, V. C. R., Aoki, M., Zourdos, M., Gomes, R., Barbosa, W. P., Massa, M., Moreira, A., & Capitani, C. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0297-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“On the other hand, SC supplementation may provide similar benefits to NaHCO3 with less GI distress [26].”
BackgroundInfluentialZiyaiyan, A., Shabkhiz, F., & Hofmeister, M. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2206390 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Muscle acidity is controlled by intracellular, extracellular, and dynamic buffers during high-intensity exercise [6], and bicarbonate (HCO3-), in particular, is crucial to the blood buffering system [7].”
BackgroundVeiga, S., Pla, R., Qiu, X., Boudet, D., & Guimard, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.815766 · Cited by 15
“, the accumulation of CO2 (and therefore H+), could limit the output of muscle lactate (accompanied by H+; Lancha et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDurkalec‐Michalski, K., Kusy, K., Ciekot-Sołtysiak, M., & Zieliński, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11091961 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“The use of NaHCO3- supplementation depending on the dosage has not been advised as there is an increased incidence of adverse effects such as gastrointestinal distress (Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialChiron, F., Thomas, C., Bardin, J., Mullie, F., Bennett, S., Chéradame, J., Caliz, L., Hanon, C., & Tiollier, E. (2024) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/182986 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This can be achieved either through training (Edge et al., 2006) or by the exogenous supply of buffering agents both acutely (Lancha Junior et al., 2015) and chronically (Chycki et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCarr, A. J., McKay, A. K. A., Burke, L. M., Smith, E. S., Urwin, C. S., Convit, L., Jardine, W. T., Kelly, M. K., & Saunders, B. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01872-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Each of these supplements works by enhancing either intra-cellular or extracellular buffering capacity (increased blood bicarbonate concentration [HCO 3− ] and pH), with sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate ingestion, or increasing muscle carnosine concentration with beta-alanine ingestion [3, 8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGrgić, J. (2020) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1783422 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cerullo, G., Parimbelli, M., Perna, S., Pecoraro, M., Liguori, G., Negro, M., & D'Antona, G. (2020) · Translational Sports Medicine · doi:10.1002/tsm2.174 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2021) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1942381 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Muscle acidosis may cause fatigue because the accumulating Hþ may impair muscle contractions (Lancha Junior et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialEdenfield, K. M. (2019) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2019.10.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Fernández‐Lázaro, D., Fiandor, E. M., Sierra, J. F. G., Busto, N., Santamaría‐Peláez, M., Gutiérrez‐Abejón, E., Roche, E., & Mielgo‐Ayuso, J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173755 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Topical Sodium Bicarbonate: No Improvement in Blood Buffering Capacity or Exercise Performance
McKay, A. K. A., Peeling, P., Binnie, M. J., Goods, P. S. R., Sim, M., Cross, R. L., & Siegler, J. C. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0345 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Voskamp, A. E., van den Bos, S., Foster, C., de Koning, J. J., & Noordhof, D. A. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0177 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“the acid-base balance (pH) in the working muscles is regulated by intracellular, extracellular 107 and dynamic buffering systems.(13) Bicarbonate (HCO3 ) is an extracellular buffer that plays an 108 important role in maintaining extracellular and intracellular pH.”
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Hottenrott, K., Werner, T., Hottenrott, L., Meyer, T. P., & Vormann, J. (2020) · Life · doi:10.3390/life10050074 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In athletes, various studies have shown that strategies improving buffering capacities resulted in better performance [10].”
BackgroundEvidence-based sports supplements: A redox analysis
Margaritelis, N. V., Cobley, J. N., Nastos, G. G., Παπανικολάου, Κ., Bailey, S. J., Kritsiligkou, P., & Nikolaidis, M. G. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on Yo-Yo test performance: A meta-analysis.
Grgic, J. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Qiu, J., Wang, M.-Y., Feng, L., Luo, D., Gao, R., Zhou, F., & Che, K. (2022) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-3862 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“, sodium bicarbonate) have been shown to maintain glycolytic metabolism during high-intensity exercise primarily through a stronger regulation of acid-base homeostasis (48).”
BackgroundMao, Y., Huang, J.-H., Li, S., Chen, G.-Y., Du, Y., Kang, M., Zhu, S., Zhang, W., Xu, Q.-H., Wang, Y.-H., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020365 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhou, K.-X., Yuan, C.-Q., Shang, Z., Jiao, W., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kaçoğlu, C., Kırkaya, İ., Ceylan, H. İ., de Assis, G. G., de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., Bayrakdaroğlu, S., Oliveira, C. C., Özkan, A., & Nikolaidis, P. Τ. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12080206 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Taken at 0.3 g/kg of body weight 60 to 120 min before exercise, it increases blood bicarbonate concentration, helping maintain pH balance by buffering hydrogen ions [10,11].”
BackgroundInfluentialChiron, F., Erblang, M., Gulören, B., Bredariol, F., Hamri, I., Léger, D., Hanon, C., Tiollier, E., & Thomas, C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16131987 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…of buffering capacity either by training [7] or by chronic exogenous buffering agent supplementation [17] can be a way to modulate acid balance and limit muscle fatigue during H-I exercise [18] and promote the repetition of the highest performance during consecutive 400 m races in competition.”
BackgroundPhysical Capacities and Combat Performance Characteristics of Male and Female Olympic Boxers
Hausen, M., Taylor, L. K., Bachini, F. I., Freire, R., Pereira, G. R., & Itaborahy, A. D. S. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2024.2325683 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Judo‐Related Performance: A Review
Simoncini, L., Lago-Rodríguez, Á., López-Samanés, Á., Pérez-López, A., & Domínguez, R. (2021) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2021-0013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Since the sarcolemma is not permeable to NaHCO3, supplementation with NaHCO3 boosts plasma levels, which increases the gradient concentration between muscle fiber and blood, facilitating the H+ flow (Lancha Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAcute effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the performance during CrossFit® training
Toledo, L. P., Vieira, J. G., & Dias, M. R. (2020) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-6574202000040075 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A metabolomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses
Johansson, L., Ringmark, S., Bergquist, J., Skiöldebrand, E., & Jansson, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52188-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Beta alanine is the rate-limiting factor for synthesis of carnosine within muscle, and in humans beta alanine supplementation has positive effects on exercise performance in www.nature.com/scientificreports/ which acidosis contributes to fatigue 24 .”
BackgroundCorreia‐Oliveira, C. R., & Lopes‐Silva, J. P. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2031847 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Attempts to mitigate the exercise-induced decline in intracellular pH have been carried out by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion (Heibel et al., 2018; Kilding et al., 2012; Lancha Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundConnections between Different Sports and Ergogenic Aids—Focusing on Salivary Cortisol and Amylase
Honceriu, C., Curpăn, A.-Ș., Ciobica, A. S., Ciobîcă, A., Truş, C., & Timofte, D. V. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57080753 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For the purpose of decreasing acidosis and restoring the acid-base balance, several substances with buffering properties have been investigated, such as sodium bicarbonate which is capable of creating a more alkaline environment by increasing the levels of circulating bicarbonate [94,95].”
BackgroundCampos, Y., Lago-Rodríguez, Á., Juan, A. F. S., Moreno-Pérez, V., López-Samanés, Á., Sánchez-Oliver, A., da Silva, S. D., & Domínguez, R. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2022.107479 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Thus, BLa concentrations When executing high-intensity anaerobic exercises, concentrations of blood lactate (BLa) and hydrogen ions (H + ) rise, lowering the pH of the muscle cell [7] and reducing its capacity to generate adenos - ine triphosphate (ATP) for muscle contraction [8].”
BackgroundJahan, N., Rahman, A., Nishiyama, A., & Kitada, K. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/jnme/5383415 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Te ability of phosphate to accept and release protons helps regulate the acid–base balance during these metabolic reactions, preventing drastic pH changes that could compromise muscle function [49].”
Mallett, G. S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Purdom, T. M., & Galpin, A. J. (2024) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2023.09.007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhou, K.-X., Shang, Z., Yuan, C.-Q., Guo, Z., Wang, Y., Bao, D.-P., & Zhou, J.-H. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1387657 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aktitiz, S., Koşar, Ş. N., & Turnagöl, H. H. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05434-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…been associated with increased salt intake (Siegler et al. 2012), which can cause gastrointestinal (GI) distress manifested by symptoms such as abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, bloating, and vomiting (Durkalec-Michalski, Zawieja, Podgorski, Zawieja, et al., 2018a; Lancha Junior et al. 2015).”
BackgroundLopes-Silva, J., & Correia-Oliveira, C. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2071171 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In this sense, (NaHCO3) ingestion increases the extracellular bicarbonate concentration [HCO3 - ], increasing the H+ efflux from muscle to the blood during high-intensity exercise, contributing to intramuscular pH maintenance (Lancha Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialLino, R. D. S., Lagares, L. S., de Oliveira, C. V. C., Queiroz, C. O., Pinto, L. L. T., de Almeida, L. A. B., Bomfim, E. S., & dos Santos, C. P. C. (2021) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2021.0002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lopes‐Silva, J. P., & Franchini, É. (2020) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000603 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The glycolytic activation has as consequence the accumulation of intracellular hydrogens ions (H), inducing muscular fatigue (5,29,31).”
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Yu, F., Jia, D., & Wang, R. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15060813 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sports Supplement Consumption in 316 Federated Female Road Cyclists
García-Durán, J., González-Jurado, J. A., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16152563 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nabilpour, M., Zouita, A., Mayhew, J., Rahimi, G. M. M., Alikhajeh, Y., Taheri, M., Irandoust, K., Youzbashi, L., Granacher, U., & Zouhal, H. (2024) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2024.02.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Prior Voluntary Hyperventilation on the 3-min All-Out Cycling Test in Men
Johnson, M. A., Sharpe, G., Needham, R., & Williams, N. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002608 · Cited by 3
Metabolic and nutritional responses to acidemia and alkalemia
Apata, I. W., Bailey, J. L., & Franch, H. (2022) · Nutritional Management of Renal Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818540-7.00014-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shing, L. K., Yin, L. H., Yong, G. Y., & Hoe, W. E. (2021) · Bali Medical Journal · doi:10.15562/bmj.v10i3.2741 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Couce, B., Baos, S., Moreno-Villanueva, A., Recarey-Rodríguez, A. E., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., & Martínez-Ferrán, M. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14030100 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“SB supplementation has shown positive effects from 1 min of maximal effort, with decreasing effectiveness after 10 min [3,5,6].”
InfluentialEvidence-Based Supplementation Strategies for Wrestlers: A Systematic Review
Díaz, M. C., Martínez, A. P., Zare, R., Redha, A. A., & Forbes, S. C. (2025) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-025-00672-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of Pre-exercise Sodium Citrate Ingestion on Repeated Sprint Performance in Soccer Players
Kuru, D., Aktitiz, S., Atakan, M. M., Köse, M. G., Turnagöl, H. H., & Koşar, Ş. N. (2024) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004651 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation in Martial Arts
Danković, G. (2022) · Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research · doi:10.2478/sjecr-2022-0016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AbuMoh’d, M. F., Alsababha, W., Haddad, Y., Obeidat, G. M., & Telfah, Y. (2021) · Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.26773/mjssm.210301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“An intake acute dose of NaHCO3 greater than 0.5 g/kg body mass can cause abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea (Lancha Junior et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialLower Limb Compression Socks with Biomechanical Concepts
Daniele, S., Testa, M., Licciardi, A., Rosso, G., & Malfatti, L. (2020) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2020.32.005301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“We know that during an exhaustive or high intensity exercise, even if for a short time, the increasing in acidosis and therefore the lowering of the PH is proportional to it [21].”
BackgroundMárton, P., Bátai, L., Takács, T., Csulak, E., Kiss, A., Kopper, B., Szabó, L., Balla, D., Petrov, I., Lázár, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2528533 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Isotonic drinks are designed to quickly replenish fluids, electrolytes, and energy, which helps maintain blood glucose levels, delay fatigue, and sustain performance [6–8].”
- Authors
- Lancha Junior, A. H., de Salles Painelli, V., Saunders, B., & Artioli, G. G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Saunders, Bryan
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 71-81
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC4672007
- OpenAlex
- W2140700167
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2014/, 14/11948-8, 2013/04806-0, 2011/17059-2)
- Gran Sasso Science Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- high-intensity exercise, buffering capacity, beta-alanine, carnosine, sodium bicarbonate supplementation, sodium citrate, calcium lactate, exercise performance, fatigue, gastrointestinal distress, paresthesia, co-supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Sodium Citrate, Acidosis, Citrates, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intracellular Fluid, Lactates, beta-Alanine, Exercise, Calcium Compounds, Sodium Bicarbonate, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue, Sodium Lactate, Dietary Supplements, Extracellular Fluid
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