Psychologically Informed Interventions for Low Back Pain: An Update for Physical Therapists
Abstract
A central theme of current evidence-based guidelines for managing low back pain is endorsement of the resumption of activities despite the presence of pain. This task can be challenging for both therapists and patients, and there are many essentially psychological obstacles to implementing the guidelines. These obstacles can be overcome by knowing how to recognize potential psychological obstacles and understanding the options for managing psychological obstacles in combination with activity-based interventions. This article is intended to address these tasks by explaining and describing the application of empirically based psychological principles and strategic clinical reasoning. Importantly, the roles of skills in assessment, treatment planning, and communication with patients are identified as essential but feasible skills for physical therapists to acquire with appropriate training.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Psychologically informed physical therapy programs help physical therapists integrate emotional and cognitive components of care and are advantageous to implementation of interdisciplinary programs.
“The development of psychologically informed physical therapy (PiPT) programs help physical therapists integrate emotional/cognitive components of care and is advantageous to implementation of interdisciplinary programs.22,29-31”
From Remotely Delivered Psychologically Informed Mindful Movement Physical Therapy for Pain Care: A Framework for Operationalization (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Cites
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
(2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e675542012-001 · Cited by 9,678 · see citing works
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation.
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.4.524 · Cited by 8,227 · see citing works
A Study of the Natural History of Back Pain: Part I
ROLAND, M., & MORRIS, R. (1983) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-198303000-00004 · Cited by 3,395 · see citing works
Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., & Main, C. J. (1993) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90127-b · Cited by 3,167 · see citing works
Patient-centredness: a conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature
Mead, N., & Bower, P. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00098-8 · Cited by 2,993 · see citing works
Chou, R., Qaseem, A., Snow, V., Casey, D., Cross, J. T., Shekelle, P., Owens, D. K., & for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians and the American College of Physicians/American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guidelines Panel* (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006 · Cited by 2,718 · see citing works
Chapter 4 European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain
Airaksinen, O., Brox, J. I., Cedraschi, C., Hildebrandt, J., Klaber-Moffett, J., Kovacs, F., Mannion, A. F., Reis, S., Staal, J. B., Ursin, H., et al. (2006) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-006-1072-1 · Cited by 2,594 · see citing works
Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kole-Snijders, A. M. J., Boeren, R. G. B., & van Eek, H. (1995) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00279-n · Cited by 2,446 · see citing works
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine in People without Back Pain
Jensen, M. C., Brant-Zawadzki, M. N., Obuchowski, N. A., Modic, M. T., Malkasian, D. R., & Ross, J. S. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199407143310201 · Cited by 2,381 · see citing works
Rosenstiel, A. K., & Keefe, F. J. (1983) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90125-2 · Cited by 2,314 · see citing works
The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: Current state of scientific evidence
Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Linton, S. J., Crombez, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9085-0 · Cited by 2,261 · see citing works
The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: Taking pain into account
Nicholas, M. K. (2007) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.12.008 · Cited by 1,656 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self‐efficacy in people with arthritis
Lorig, K., Chastain, R. L., Ung, E., Shoor, S., & Holman, H. R. (1989) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/anr.1780320107 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
Koes, B. W., van Tulder, M. W., Lin, C. C., Macedo, L. G., McAuley, J. H., & Maher, C. G. (2010) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1502-y · Cited by 1,301 · see citing works
Collaborative Management of Chronic Illness
Von Korff, M., Gruman, J., Schaefer, J., Curry, S. J., & Wagner, E. H. (1997) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-12-199712150-00008 · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
Chronic pain in Australia: a prevalence study.
Blyth, F. M., March, L. M., Brnabic, A. J. M., Jorm, L. R., Williamson, M., & Cousins, M. J. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00355-9 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
A primary care back pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment
Hill, J. C., Dunn, K. M., Lewis, M., Mullis, R., Main, C. J., Foster, N. E., & Hay, E. M. (2008) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.23563 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
Chou, R., & Huffman, L. H. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00007 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Kinesiophobia : a new view of chronic pain behavior
Kori, S. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Assessing Disability and Change on Individual Patients: A Report of a Patient Specific Measure
Stratford, P. W. (1995) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.47.4.258 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Key communication skills and how to acquire them
Maguire, P., & Pitceathly, C. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7366.697 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Psychological aspects of persistent pain: Current state of the science
Keefe, F. J., Rumble, M. E., Scipio, C. D., Giordano, L. A., & Perri, L. M. (2004) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2004.02.576 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Childs, J. D., Fritz, J. M., Flynn, T. W., Irrgang, J. J., Johnson, K. K., Majkowski, G. R., & Delitto, A. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00008 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain?
Chou, R. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.344 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Workplace-Based Return-to-Work Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Quantitative Literature
Franche, R., Cullen, K. L., Clarke, J., Irvin, E., Sinclair, S. J., & Frank, J. W. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-005-8038-8 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Nicholas, M. K., Linton, S. J., Watson, P. J., & Main, C. J. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20100224 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Self-citationKuslich, S. D., Ulstrom, C. L., & Michael, C. J. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Treatments for Patients With Chronic Pain
Turk, D. C. (2002) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200211000-00003 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Linton, S. J., & HALLDÉN, K. (1998) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-199809000-00007 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Burton, A., Waddell, G., Tillotson, K., & Summerton, N. (1999) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199912010-00010 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Neural correlates of interindividual differences in the subjective experience of pain
Coghill, R. C., McHaffie, J. G., & Yen, Y.-F. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1430684100 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Coping or acceptance? What to do about chronic pain
McCracken, L. M., & Eccleston, C. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00202-1 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Henschke, N., Maher, C. G., Refshauge, K. M., Herbert, R., Cumming, R. G., Bleasel, J. F., York, J., Das, A., & McAuley, J. H. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a171 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intensive Neurophysiology Education in Chronic Low Back Pain
Moseley, G. L., Nicholas, M. K., & Hodges, P. W. (2004) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200409000-00007 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Self-citationLindström, I., Öhlund, C., Eek, C., Wallin, L., Peterson, L., Fordyce, W. E., & NACHEMSON, A. L. (1992) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/72.4.279 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Fritz, J. M., George, S. Z., & Delitto, A. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00333-5 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Self-citationVlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., & van Breukelen, G. (2002) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200207000-00006 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., & van Breukelen, G. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00174-6 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Does it Matter Which Exercise?
Long, A., Donelson, R., & Fung, T. S. (2004) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000146464.23007.2a · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Good Prognosis for Low Back Pain When Left Untampered
Indahl, A., Velund, L., & Reikeraas, O. (1995) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199502001-00011 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Operant conditioning in the treatment of chronic pain
&NA;, &. (1975) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90020-2 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Lithwick, A., Lev, S., & Binshtok, A. M. (2012) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.12.74 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Practice Guidelines for Chronic Pain Management
(2010) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181c43103 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
On the distribution of pain arising from deep somatic structures with charts of segmental pain areas
Jh, K. (1939) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain in primary care: a systematic review.
(2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Distinctiveness of psychological obstacles to recovery in low back pain patients in primary care
Foster, N. E., Thomas, E., Bishop, A., Dunn, K. M., & Main, C. J. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.11.002 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Operant conditioning in the treatment of chronic pain.
Fordyce, W. E., Fowler, R. S., Lehmann, J. F., deLateur, B. J., Sand, P. L., & Trieschmann, R. B. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Assessment of pain-related cognitions in chronic pain patients
Flor, H., Behle, D. J., & Birbaumer, N. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90044-u · Cited by 302 · see citing works
George, S., Fritz, J., Bialosky, J., & Donald, D. A. (2003) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000096677.84605.a2 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationHouben, R. M. A., Ostelo, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wolters, P. M. J. C., Peters, M. L., & den Berg, S. G. M. S. (2004) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.05.002 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Modic, M. T., Obuchowski, N. A., Ross, J. S., Brant-Zawadzki, M. N., Grooff, P. N., Mazanec, D. J., & Benzel, E. C. (2005) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2372041509 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Sullivan, M. J., Adams, H., Rhodenizer, T., & Stanish, W. D. (2006) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/86.1.8 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Stadnik, T. W., Lee, R. R., Coen, H., Neirynck, E. C., Buisseret, T., & Osteaux, M. (1998) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.206.1.9423651 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-management of chronic pain: a population-based study
Blyth, F., MARCH, L. M., Nicholas, M. K., & Cousins, M. J. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationLoisel, P., Lemaire, J., Poitras, S., Durand, M.-J., Champagne, F., Stock, S. R., Diallo, B., & Tremblay, C. G. (2002) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.59.12.807 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Hill, J. C., Dunn, K. M., Main, C. J., & Hay, E. M. (2010) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.01.003 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Management of chronic low back pain
Bogduk, N. (2004) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb05805.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Hay, E. M., Mullis, R., Lewis, M., Vohora, K., Main, C. J., Watson, P., Dziedzic, K., Sim, J., Lowe, C., & Croft, P. R. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66696-2 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Indahl, A., Haldorsen, E. M. H., Holm, S. H., Reikerås, O., & Ursin, H. (1998) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199812010-00018 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Comparative roentgenographic study of the asymptomatic and symptomatic lumbar spine
Wr, T., & Dotter, W. (1976) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-197658060-00017 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Graded Activity and Graded Exposure for Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review
Macedo, L. G., Smeets, R., Maher, C. G., Latimer, J., & McAuley, J. H. (2010) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090303 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., van Breukelen, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.013 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Practice Guidelines for Chronic Pain Management
(1997) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199704000-00032 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Shaw, W. S., van der Windt, D., Main, C. J., Loisel, P., Linton, S. J., & the “Decade of the Flags” Working Group (2008) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-008-9159-7 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Predictive Ability of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire
Hockings, R. L., McAuley, J. H., & Maher, C. G. (2008) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e31817ba3bb · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Evidence-based Management of Acute Musculoskeletal Pain
Brooks, P., MARCH, L. M., Bogduk, N., Bellamy, N., Spearing, N., Fraser, M., Trevina, L., French, S., Rebbeck, T. J., Blyth, F., et al. (2003) · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Marks, R. (1989) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90173-5 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Physiotherapist-Directed Exercise, Advice, or Both for Subacute Low Back Pain
Pengel, L. H. M., Refshauge, K. M., Maher, C. G., Nicholas, M. K., Herbert, R., & McNair, P. J. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-11-200706050-00007 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, M. E., Brown, J. L., George, S. Z., Edwards, P. S., Atchison, J. W., Hirsh, A. T., Waxenberg, L. B., Wittmer, V. T., & Fillingim, R. B. (2005) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00059.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationGeorge, S. Z., Zeppieri, G., Cere, A. L., Cere, M. R., Borut, M. S., Hodges, M. J., Reed, D. M., Valencia, C., & Robinson, M. E. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.029 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationLong, A. L. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Long, A. (1995) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199512000-00010 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Riddle, D. L., & Freburger, J. K. (2002) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/82.8.772 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Physical Conditioning Programs for Workers With Back and Neck Pain: A Cochrane Systematic Review
Schönstein, E., Kenny, D. T., Keating, J., Koes, B. W., & Herbert, R. (2003) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000092482.76386.97 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Doctors With a Special Interest in Back Pain Have Poorer Knowledge About How to Treat Back Pain
Buchbinder, R., Staples, M., & Jolley, D. (2009) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318195d688 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Overmeer, T., Boersma, K., Main, C. J., & Linton, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2008.01089.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Bigos, S. J., Roland, M., Waddell, G., Moffett, J. K., Burton, K. A., & Main, C. J. (1996) · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Levangie, P. K. (1999) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/79.11.1043 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Côté, A.-M., Durand, M., Tousignant, M., & Poitras, S. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-009-9167-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Reassurance: Help or hinder in the treatment of pain
Linton, S. J., McCracken, L. M., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Stanton, T. R., Hancock, M. J., Maher, C. G., & Koes, B. W. (2010) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090233 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Jellema, P., van der Windt, D., van der Horst, H. E., Blankenstein, A. H., Bouter, L. M., & Stalman, W. A. B. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Addressing patient beliefs and expectations in the consultation
Main, C. J., Buchbinder, R., Porcheret, M., & Foster, N. E. (2010) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2009.12.013 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Gladwell, P. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Overmeer, T., Linton, S. J., Holmquist, L., Eriksson, M., & Engfeldt, P. (2005) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200501010-00024 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Physical Therapy Utilization of Graded Exposure for Patients With Low Back Pain
George, S. Z., & Zeppieri, G. (2009) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2983 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationTurner, J. A., LeResche, L., Korff, M. V., & Ehrlich, K. J. (1998) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199802150-00011 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
George, S. Z., Valencia, C., Zeppieri, G., & Robinson, M. E. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090032 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationGeorge, S. Z., Bialosky, J. E., & Fritz, J. M. (2004) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/84.6.538 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationEditorial: The Emerging Field of Health Literacy Research
Wolf, M. S., Davis, T. C., & Parker, R. M. (2007) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.31.s1.1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Compliance: A barrier to occupational rehabilitation?
Nicholas, M. K. (1995) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/bf02109990 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEditorial: the emerging field of health literacy research.
Wolf, M. S., Davis, T. C., & Parker, R. M. (2007) · PubMed · doi:10.5555/ajhb.2007.31.supp.s3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 93 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fear-avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain: 12 years on
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Linton, S. J. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.12.009 · Cited by 1,281 · see citing works
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Maher, C. G., Wiech, K., Van Zundert, J., Meloto, C. B., Diatchenko, L., Battié, M. C., Goossens, M., Koes, B., & Linton, S. J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0052-1 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Main, C. J., & George, S. Z. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20110060 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationBunzli (2013) · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31827a6dd8 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes
Hainline, B. W., Derman, W. E., Vernec, A. R., Budgett, R., Deie, M., Dvořák, J., Harle, C. A., Herring, S. A., McNamee, M., Meeuwisse, W. H., et al. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097884 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Keefe, F. J., Main, C. J., & George, S. Z. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy024 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationLentz, T. A., Beneciuk, J. M., Bialosky, J. E., Zeppieri, G., Dai, Y., Wu, S. S., & George, S. Z. (2016) · Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6487 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationRehabilitation management of low back pain – it’s time to pull it all together!
Tousignant‐Laflamme, Y., Martel, M. O., Joshi, A. B., & Cook, C. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s146485 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Psychological predictors of recovery from low back pain: a prospective study
George, S. Z., & Beneciuk, J. M. (2015) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0509-2 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationGodfrey, E., Wileman, V., Galea Holmes, M., McCracken, L. M., Norton, S., Moss-Morris, R., Noonan, S., Barcellona, M., & Critchley, D. (2020) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.05.012 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Carvalho, G. F., Schwarz, A., Szikszay, T. M., Adamczyk, W. M., Bevilaqua‐Grossi, D., & Luedtke, K. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.11.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Kindelan-Calvo, P., Gil‐Martínez, A., Paris‐Alemany, A., Pardo-Montero, J., Muñoz‐García, D., Angulo, S., & Touche, R. L. (2014) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12505 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Chmielewski, T. L., George, S. Z., Tillman, S. M., Moser, M. W., Lentz, T. A., Indelicato, P. A., Trumble, T. N., Shuster, J. J., Cicuttini, F., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (2016) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546515620583 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationA Psychological View of Sexual Pain among Women: Applying the Fear-Avoidance Model
Thomtén, J., & Linton, S. J. (2013) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.13.19 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cognitive exposure versus avoidance in patients with chronic pain: Adherence matters
Nicholas, M. K., Asghari̇, A., Sharpe, L., Brnabic, A. J. M., Wood, B. M., Overton, S., Tonkin, L., Sousa, M. D., Finniss, D. G., Beeston, L., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00383.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationPergolizzi, J. V., & LeQuang, J. A. (2020) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00149-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Bement, M. H., Marie, B. S., Nordstrom, T. M., Christensen, N., Mongoven, J. M., Koebner, I. J., Fishman, S. M., & Sluka, K. A. (2013) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20130346 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Herr, K., Marie, B. S., Gordon, D. B., Paice, J. A., Watt‐Watson, J., Stevens, B., Bakerjian, D., & Young, H. M. (2015) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20150515-02 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The biopsychosocial model of pain in physiotherapy: past, present and future
Smart, K. M. (2023) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2023.2177792 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Adherence to Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines by Brazilian Physical Therapists
de Souza, F. S., Ladeira, C. E., & Costa, L. O. P. (2017) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000002190 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kinesiophobia and Its Association With Health-Related Quality of Life Across Injury Locations
Goldberg, P., Zeppieri, G., Bialosky, J. E., Bocchino, C., van den Boogaard, J., Tillman, S. M., & Chmielewski, T. L. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.06.023 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Reassurance for patients with non-specific conditions – a user's guide
Traeger, A. C., O’Hagan, E. T., Cashin, A. G., & McAuley, J. H. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2016.12.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Gross, D., Zhang, J., Steenstra, I., Barnsley, S., Haws, C., Amell, T., McIntosh, G., Cooper, J. E., & Zaiane, O. R. (2013) · Journal of occupational rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-013-9430-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ballengee, L. A., Zullig, L. L., & George, S. Z. (2021) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s311973 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive-Behavioral–Based Physical Therapy to Improve Surgical Spine Outcomes: A Case Series
Archer, K. R., Motzny, N., Abraham, C. M., Yaffe, D. M., Seebach, C. L., Devin, C. J., Spengler, D. M., McGirt, M. J., Aaronson, O. S., Cheng, J. S., et al. (2013) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20120426 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Use of Physical Therapy for Low Back Pain by Medicaid Enrollees
Fritz, J. M., Kim, J., Thackeray, A., & Dorius, J. (2015) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20150037 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Bäck, M., Lundberg, M., Cider, Å., Herlitz, J. D., & Jansson, B. (2017) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000265 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Richmond, H., Hall, A. M., Hansen, Z., Williamson, E. M., Davies, D., & Lamb, S. E. (2017) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2017.03.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ladeira, C. (2018) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2017.1390652 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Thomtén, J., & Karlsson, A. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.01.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Nicholas, M. K., Asghari, A., Sharpe, L., Beeston, L., Brooker, C. D., Glare, P. A., Martin, R. M., Molloy, A. R., & Wrigley, P. J. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001763 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of Pain in Elite Athletes: Identified Gaps in Knowledge and Future Research Directions
Zideman, D. A., Derman, W. E., Hainline, B. W., Moseley, G. L., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B. M., Siebert, C. H., & Turner, J. A. (2018) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000618 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fear Avoidance and Pain Catastrophizing among Women with Sexual Pain
Thomtén, J., Lundahl, R., Stigenberg, K., & Linton, S. J. (2014) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.14.51 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cedraschi, C., Nordin, M. C., Haldeman, S., Randhawa, K. A., Kopansky-Giles, D. R., Johnson, C. D., Chou, R., Hurwitz, E. L., & Côté, P. (2018) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-017-5434-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Laird, E., Bennett, R. J., Barr, C., & Bryant, C. (2020) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2020_aja-19-00123 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Knoop, J., Rutten, G. M., Lever, C., Leemeijer, J., de Jong, L. J., Verhagen, A. P., van Lankveld, W., & Staal, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.04.013 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wideman, T. H., Miller, J., Bostick, G. P., Thomas, A., Bussières, A., & Wickens, R. H. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1519044 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychosocial Influences on Low Back Pain: Why Should You Care?
Main, C. J., & George, S. Z. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.2011.91.5.609 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationArcher, K. R., Coronado, R. A., Haug, C. M., Vanston, S. W., Devin, C. J., Fonnesbeck, C., Aaronson, O. S., Cheng, J. S., Skolasky, R. L., Riley, L. H., et al. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-325 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Semrau, J., Hentschke, C., Peters, S., & Pfeifer, K. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04353-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wideman, T. H., Scott, W., Martel, M. O., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2012) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.4182 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Emilson, C., Åsenlöf, P., Pettersson, S., Bergman, S., Sandborgh, M., Martin, C., & Demmelmaier, I. (2016) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1173-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hrkać, A., Bilić, D., Obrdalj, E. Č., Baketarić, I., & Puljak, L. (2022) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-022-05908-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Blanco-Gímenez, P., Mampel, J. V., Gargallo, P., Maroto‐Izquierdo, S., Martín-Ruiz, J., Jaenada-Carrilero, E., & Barrios, C. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07667-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pathoanatomy and classification of low back disorders
Ford, J. J., & Hahne, A. J. (2012) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2012.05.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cowell, I., McGregor, A., O’Sullivan, P., O’Sullivan, K., Poyton, R., Schoeb, V., & Murtagh, G. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211037651 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Baehr, L. A., Kaimal, G., Hiremath, S. V., Trost, Z., & Finley, M. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265807 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wideman, T. H., Miller, J., Bostick, G. P., Thomas, A., & Bussières, A. (2017) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2016-57 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Use of healthcare resources in patients with low back pain and comorbid depression or anxiety
Bailes, A. H., Navlani, R., Koscumb, S., Malecky, A., Marroquin, O. C., Wasan, A. D., Gutstein, H. B., Delitto, A., Zigler, C. K., Vo, N. N., et al. (2021) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2021.03.031 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mbada, C. E., Ayanniyi, O., & Ogunlade, S. O. (2015) · Archives of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1186/s40945-015-0010-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Miedema, H. S., Feleus, A., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Hoekstra, T., Burdorf, A., & Koes, B. W. (2015) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20150226 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Figl-Hertlein, A., Horsak, B., Dean, E., Schöny, W., & Stamm, T. (2013) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2013.03.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pain and Function in Home Care
Murtaugh, C. M., Beissner, K., Barrón, Y., Trachtenberg, M. A., Bach, E., Henderson, C., Sridharan, S., & Reid, M. C. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000410 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A classification and treatment protocol for low back disorders
Ford, J. J., Richards, M. C., & Hahne, A. J. (2012) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1179/1743288x12y.0000000034 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kuhnow, A., Kuhnow, J., Ham, D., & Rosedale, R. (2021) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2019.1710881 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Farrokhi, S., Esposito, E. R., McPherson, D., Mazzone, B. N., Condon, R., Patterson, C. G., Schneider, M., Greco, C. M., Delitto, A., Highsmith, M. J., et al. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa367 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Finger, M. E., de Bie, R. A., Selb, M., & Escorpizo, R. S. (2016) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-152251 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Semrau, J., Peters, S., Geidl, W., Hentschke, C., & Pfeifer, K. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-89 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Simpson, P., Holopainen, R., Schütze, R., O’Sullivan, P., Smith, A. J., & Kent, P. M. (2022) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2022.2151333 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kinesiology taping as an adjunct for pain management: A review of literature and evidence
Banerjee, G., Briggs, M., & Johnson, M. (2016) · Indian Journal of Pain · doi:10.4103/0970-5333.198005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ekdahl, J., Flink, I. K., Engman, L., & Linton, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2017.1404543 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Delitto, A., Patterson, C. G., Stevans, J. M., Brennan, G. P., Wegener, S. T., Morrisette, D. C., Beneciuk, J. M., Freel, J. A., Minick, K. I., Hunter, S. J., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.05.010 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationEducación al paciente con fibromialgia. Revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados
Elizagaray-García, I., González, J. M., & Gil‐Martínez, A. (2016) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.6202.2015446 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Drage, K., Aghera, M., MacKellar, P., Twentyman, R., Jacques, A., Chalmers, J., Neumann, P., Nurkic, I., & Thompson, J. A. (2021) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.24842 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Linton, S. J., & Kienbacher, T. (2019) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000787 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Toomey, D., Reid, D. A., & White, S. (2020) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2020.1813472 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sullivan, M. B., Hill, K., Ballengee, L. A., Knoblach, D., Fowler, C., Haun, J., & Saenger, M. (2023) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130231209751 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gardner, C., Moseley, G. L., Karran, E. L., Wiles, L., & Hibbert, P. D. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2020.1732808 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Han, L., Chen, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Tao, H., & Li, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.816362 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Johnston, V., & Shaw, W. S. (2013) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1179/1743288x13y.0000000087 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Biopsychosocial influence on shoulder pain: Rationale and protocol for a pre-clinical trial
George, S. Z., Staud, R. M., Borsa, P. A., Wu, S. S., Wallace, M. R., Greenfield, W. H., Mackie, L. N., & Fillingim, R. B. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcia, A. N., Costa, L. O. P., Costa, L. D. C. M., Hancock, M. J., & Cook, C. E. (2019) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1080/10669817.2019.1597435 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Holmes, M. G., Wileman, V., McCracken, L. M., Critchley, D., March, M. K., Norton, S., Moss-Morris, R. E., Noonan, S., Barcellona, M. G., & Godfrey, E. L. (2020) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2020.12.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
When sex hurts: Female genital pain with sexual consequences deserves attention: A position paper
Thomtén, J., & Linton, S. J. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.04.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Woznowski‐Vu, A., Aternali, A., Gervais, A., Pavilanis, A. D. S., Nijs, J., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Wideman, T. H. (2021) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000965 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lentz, T. A., Kallen, M. A., Deutscher, D., & George, S. Z. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab256 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationJoyce, C. T., Schneider, M., Stevans, J. M., & Beneciuk, J. M. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy031 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gombatto, S. P., Archer, K. R., Wegener, S. T., Hernandez, Y., Lin, S., Godino, J., Dyke, J. V., Liu, J., & Monroe, K. S. (2023) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzad068 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Longtin, C., Décary, S., Cook, C. E., Tousignant, M., Lacasse, A., & Tousignant‐Laflamme, Y. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1738 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jones, L. E., Heng, H. W. F., Heywood, S. E., Kent, S., & Amir, L. H. (2021) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2021.1934922 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reddington, M., Walters, S. J., Cohen, J., Baxter, S. K., & Cole, A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021631 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MacDougall, H. L., George, S. Z., & Dover, G. C. (2019) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-430-17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe association between depression and type of treatments received for chronic low back pain
Zubatsky, M., Witthaus, M., Scherrer, J. F., Salas, J., Gebauer, S., Burge, S. K., & Schneider, D. (2019) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmz062 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cowell, I., McGregor, A. H., O’Sullivan, P., O’Sullivan, K., Poyton, R., & Murtagh, G. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102797 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Augeard, N., Longtin, C., Bussières, A., Bostick, G. P., Thomas, A., Miller, J., Tousignant‐Laflamme, Y., Walton, D. M., Hudon, A., Cooper, L., et al. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2025.2574969 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Economic analysis of patient-related effects of an interdisciplinary pain self-management program
Chowdhury, A. R., SCHOFIELD, D. J., Shrestha, R. N., & Nicholas, M. K. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002959 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSimpson, P., Holopainen, R., Schütze, R., O’Sullivan, P., Kent, P. M., & Smith, A. J. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2420836 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stevens, J., & Barlow, S. (2014) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s58656 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ahern, M., Dean, C. M., Dear, B. F., Willcock, S., & Hush, J. M. (2022) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py21206 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Arden, K., Fatoye, F., & Yeowell, G. (2016) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12595 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reddington, M., Walters, S. J., Cohen, J., & Baxter, S. K. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014422 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Banerjee, G., & Bostick, G. P. (2014) · Indian Journal of Pain · doi:10.4103/0970-5333.145929 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rajappa, H., Wilson, M., White, R., Blanchard, M. B., Tardif, H. P., & Hayes, C. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000780 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shulman, J., Conroy, C., Bento, S., Bryant, G., Jervis, K., & Sethna, N. F. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2125083 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Campello, M. A., Ziemke, G. W., Hair, L. C., Oh, C., Mowery, H. C., Hope, T., & Weiser, S. R. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad219 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Danazumi, M. S., Ford, J. J., Kaka, B., & Hahne, A. J. (2024) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.70011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mackey, L. M., & Hurley, D. A. (2014) · Physiotherapy Practice and Research · doi:10.3233/ppr-140036 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Biobehavioral Pain Profile in Individuals with Chronic Spine Pain
Matteliano, D., Scherer, Y. K., & Chang, Y. (2012) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2012.06.009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chmielewski, T. L., Meierbachtol, A., Aberman, R., Gunderson, T., Sikorski, J., & Cummer, K. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.03.008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Anselmo, A., Pagano, M. C., Corallo, F., Cappadona, I., Cardile, D., Russo, F., Laudisio, A., Papalia, G. F., Quartarone, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2025) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-025-00741-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nicholas, M. K., & George, S. Z.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Venue
- Physical Therapy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-05-01
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 765-776
- ISSN
- 0031-9023 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-6724
- OpenAlex
- W2098866468
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- low back pain, psychological barriers, activity-based intervention, psychological principles, clinical reasoning, patient communication, treatment planning, physiotherapists, evidence-based recommendations
- MeSH terms
- Disability Evaluation, Humans, Pain Measurement, Patient Care Planning, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychophysiology, Risk Factors, Health Behavior, Low Back Pain, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Risk Assessment, Disease Management, Recovery of Function, Physical Therapy Modalities, Evidence-Based Practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review