Adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers: New targets for caffeine in the brain
Open accessAbstract
The contribution of blockade of adenosine A1 and A2A receptor to the psychostimulant effects of caffeine is still a matter of debate. When analyzing motor activity in rats, acutely administered caffeine shows a profile of a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, although with preferential A1 receptor antagonism. On the other hand, tolerance to the effects of A1 receptor blockade seems to be mostly responsible for the tolerance to the motor-activating effects of caffeine, while the residual motor-activating effects of caffeine in tolerant individuals seem to involve A2A receptor blockade. These behavioral studies correlate with in vivo microdialysis experiments that suggest that A1 receptor-mediated modulation of striatal glutamate release is involved in the psychostimulant effects of caffeine. Experiments in transfected cells demonstrate the ability of A1 receptors to heteromerize with A2A receptors and the A1-A2A receptor heteromer can be biochemically identified in the striatum, in striatal glutamatergic terminals. The striatal A1-A2A receptor heteromer provides a "concentration-dependent switch" mechanism by which low and high concentrations of synaptic adenosine produce the opposite effects on glutamate release. The analysis of the function of A1-A2A receptor heteromers during chronic treatment with caffeine gives new clues about the well-known phenomenon of tolerance to the psychostimulant effects of caffeine.
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Caffeine has psychostimulant effects via modulation of dopaminergic neurons, contributing to an attenuated risk for depression in coffee drinkers.
“Caffeine also has psychostimulant effects via modulation of the dopaminergic neuron [10], contributing to an attenuated risk for depression in coffee drinkers [7].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
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Froestl, W., Muhs, A., & Pfeifer, A. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121186 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“A1–A2A receptor heteromers were identified in the striatum [373].”
Caffeine Modulates TNF-α Production by Cord Blood Monocytes: The Role of Adenosine Receptors
Chavez‐Valdez, R., Wills-Karp, M. A., Ahlawat, R., Cristofalo, E. A., Nathan, A. T., & Gauda, E. B. (2009) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e31818d66b1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Franke, A., Lieb, K., & Hildt, E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040047 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Worden, L. T., Shahriari, M., Farrar, A. M., Sink, K. S., Hockemeyer, J., Müller, C. E., & Salamone, J. D. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1396-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Thus, it is possible that MSX-3 was easily able to produce a robust reversal of the effects of eticlopride because adenosine A2A receptors and D2 receptors are localized on the same neurons (i.e., enkephalin positive medium spiny neurons), and these receptors interact directly either because of heterodimerization or c…”
BackgroundPharmakologisches Neuroenhancement und „Hirndoping“
Franke, A., & Lieb, K. (2010) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-010-1105-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Adenosine A2A receptor as potential therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric disorders
Domenici, M. R., Ferrante, A., Martire, A., Chiodi, V., Pepponi, R., Tebano, M. T., & Popoli, P. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104338 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Structural features of adenosine receptors: From crystal to function
Piirainen, H., Ashok, Y., Nanekar, R. T., & Jaakola, V. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.05.021 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Dopamine/adenosine interactions involved in effort-related aspects of food motivation
Salamone, J. D., & Correa, M. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.07.018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Non-selective adenosine antagonists, such as caffeine and other methylxanthines, act as minor stimulants (Ferré et al., 2008).”
BackgroundImplication of the Purinergic System in Alcohol Use Disorders
Asatryan, L., Nam, H. W., Lee, M. R., Thakkar, M. M., Dar, M. S., Davies, D. L., & Choi, D. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01379.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Especially, dimerization of A2A receptors with D2 receptors in the striatum allows the A2A to influence reward-related behavior through modulation of adenylate cyclase activity (Ferre et al., 2008; Ferre et al., 1994).”
Vanattou‐Saïfoudine, N., McNamara, R., & Harkin, A. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02065.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…effects of caffeine and formation of A1-A2A receptor heteromers during chronic treatment with 950 British Journal of Pharmacology (2012) 167 946–959 caffeine have been proposed to play a role in mediating tolerance to the psychostimulant effects of caffeine (see Ferré et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRandall, P. A., Nunes, E. J., Janniere, S. L., Stopper, C. M., Farrar, A. M., Sager, T. N., Baqi, Y., Hockemeyer, J., Müller, C. E., & Salamone, J. D. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2198-3 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Moreover, there is a functional interaction between DA D 2 and adenosine A 2A receptors, which are co-localized on enkephalin-containing medium spiny neurons (Fink et al. 1992; Ferré 1997; Ferré et al. 1997, 2008b; Hettinger et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2001; Hillion et al. 2002; Fuxe et al. 2003).”
Collins, L. E., Galtieri, D. J., Collins, P., Jones, S. K., Port, R. G., Paul, N. E., Hockemeyer, J., Müller, C. E., & Salamone, J. D. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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Betz, A. J., Vontell, R., Valenta, J. P., Worden, L. T., Sink, K. S., Font, L., Correa, M., Sager, T. N., & Salamone, J. D. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.040 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Recent Developments in Adenosine A2A Receptor Ligands
Cristalli, G., Müller, C. E., & Volpini, R. (2009) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Functionalized Congener Approach to the Design of Ligands for G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
Jacobson, K. A. (2009) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc9000596 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lu, G., Huang, S., Liu, S., Liu, P., Chou, W., & Lin, W. (2013) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.12.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
CONNAUGHTON, V. P., & Clayman, C. L. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666211111142027 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In contrast, A2A receptor activation, as would occur following ethanol exposure, inhibits DA release [226, 227].”
Effects of Caffeine on Alcohol Consumption and Nicotine Self-Administration in Rats
Rezvani, A. H., Sexton, H. G., Johnson, J. E., Wells, C., Gordon, K., & Levin, E. D. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12127 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Caffeine by blocking adenosine receptors enhances dopamine transmission in the dopaminergic terminals (Ferre et al., 2008; Shook and Jackson, 2011).”
López‐Cruz, L., Salamone, J. D., & Correa, M. (2013) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2013.0003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Acevedo, J. M., Almansa, A. S., Matos-Vergara, N., Marrero-Cordero, L. R., Cabezas-Bou, E., & Díaz‐Ríos, M. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.020 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Vanattou‐Saïfoudine, N., McNamara, R., & Harkin, A. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00660.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Under normal physiological conditions, the mechanism of action of caffeine is primarily via antagonism of adenosine receptors (Fredholm et al., 1999; Fisone et al., 2004; Ferre et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBjörklund, O., Kahlström, J., Salmi, P., & Fredholm, B. B. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003977 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“It is also noteworthy that the effect of caffeine on the behavior of the offspring was (at least partially) mirrored by the A1 receptor deletion, whereas the stimulatory responses of caffeine are generally dependent on the A2A receptor [32,33] although A1 receptors contribute [34,35,36,37].”
BackgroundLin, Y.-S., Weibel, J., Landolt, H., Santini, F., Meyer, M., Brunmair, J., Meier, S. M., Gerner, C., Borgwardt, S., Cajochen, C., et al. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Souza, A. C. M. L., de Souza, A., Medeiros, L. F., de Oliveira, C., Scarabelot, V. L., da Silva, R. S., Bogo, M. R., Capiotti, K. M., Kist, L. W., Bonan, C. D., et al. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.039 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Salamone, J. D., Correa, M., Yohn, S. E., Yang, J.-H., Somerville, M., Rotolo, R. A., & Presby, R. E. (2017) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000070 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hobson, B. D., O’Neill, C. E., Levis, S. C., Monteggia, L. M., Neve, R. L., Self, D. W., & Bachtell, R. K. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.96 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Presynaptic A1AR and A2A adenosine receptors are localized to glutamate terminals in the NAc where they provide tonic inhibition and phasic excitation on synaptic glutamate release, respectively (Ferre et al, 2008).”
BackgroundIoannidis, K., Chamberlain, S. R., & Müller, U. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114541014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“, 2004) and the striatal A1-A2A receptor heteromer provides a ‘concentrationdependent switch’ mechanism by which low and high concentrations of synaptic adenosine produce the opposite effects on glutamate release (Ferre et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAdenosine A2A receptors in early ischemic vascular injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Sehba, F. A., Flores, R., Muller, A., Friedrich, V. L., Chen, J., Britz, G. W., Winn, H. R., & Bederson, J. B. (2009) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2009.9.jns09802 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ghanemi, A. (2013) · Alexandria Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2013.03.005 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rybak, M. E., Pao, C., & Pfeiffer, C. M. (2013) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7506-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Allosteric Modulation of Adenosine A2A Receptors as a New Therapeutic Avenue
Korkutata, M., Agrawal, L., & Lazarus, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042101 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
4 The Adenosine A1 Receptor and its Ligands
Nell, P. G., & Albrecht-Küpper, B. E. (2009) · Progress in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0079-6468(08)00204-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Adenosine Receptors
Sebastião, A. M., Rei, N., & Ribeiro, J. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00267 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Indeed, A1 and A2AR are known to strongly interact with each other (Ferre et al., 2008), including in motor neurons (Pousinha et al., 2010, 2012), and the loss of inhibitory control of A1R upon A2AR may cause marked unbalance of the fine-tuning of neuronal function exerted by adenosine receptors.”
BackgroundSex Differences in Caffeine Neurotoxicity Following Chronic Ethanol Exposure and Withdrawal
Butler, T. R., Smith, K. J., Berry, J. N., Sharrett-Field, L. J., & Prendergast, M. (2009) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agp050 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“A 2A heteromers, which to date have only been observed in experimental transfected cells and rat striatum, mediate caffeine's effects (Ferre et al., 2008).”
Lin, Y.-S., Weibel, J., Landolt, H., Santini, F., Slawik, H. C., Borgwardt, S., Cajochen, C., & Reichert, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26808-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Association between dietary caffeine intake and severe headache or migraine in US adults
Zhang, L., Yin, J., Li, J., Sun, H., Liu, Y., & Yang, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36325-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hou, X., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Zhao, H., & Gui, L. (2020) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2020/2410264 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Several studies showed that A2aAR and A1AR interact and heterodimerize in hippocampal and cortical synaptosomes [28, 29, 51].”
BackgroundClass A and C GPCR Dimers in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Moreira, I. S., Caniceiro, A. B., Bueschbell, B., & Schiedel, A. C. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x20666220327221830 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ming, Z., & Lautt, W. W. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y10-090 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The contribution of blockade of A1 and A2a receptors to the psychostimulant effects of caffeine remains a matter of controversy (Ferre et al. 2008).”
BackgroundThe Purinergic System as a Target for the Development of Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Gonçalves, M. C. B., Andrejew, R., & Gubert, C. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00934-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The evidence of the A1R-A2AR heterodimer formation on striatal glutamatergic terminals [134] raises attention to the regulatory effect of different concentrations of adenosine over glutamate-mediated excitatory activity, which is enhanced in patients with BD [135] (Fig.”
BackgroundHobson, B. D., Merritt, K. E., & Bachtell, R. K. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.038 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vanattou‐Saïfoudine, N., Gossen, A., & Harkin, A. (2010) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“As caffeine shows a preferential affinity for adenosine A1 receptors (Ferre et al., 2008; Nehlig, 1999; Fredholm et al., 1999a), additional experiments were carried out to determine if adenosine A1 receptors might be implicated in the ability of caffeine to influence MDMA-induced dopamine release…”
BackgroundTartar, J. L., Banks, J., Marang, M., Pizzo, F., & António, J. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.20534 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This results in increased dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate release which behaviorally leads to increased wakefulness and enhanced motor activity [12-14].”
BackgroundDisrupting GPCR Complexes with Smart Drug-like Peptides
Gallo, M., Defaus, S., & Andreu, D. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14010161 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A1R-A2AR Caffein (A1R, A2R antagonist) Drug tolerance [98]”
Caffeine Protects Against Anticonvulsant-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Rat Brain
Endesfelder, S., Weichelt, U., Schiller, C., Sifringer, M., Bendix, I., & Bührer, C. (2017) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-017-9768-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In addition to the blockade of adenosine receptors, caffeine can act as a scavenger (Shi et al. 1991), leading to the intracellular release of calcium which acts through ryanodine receptors (Fill and Copello 2002), or the involvement of heterodimeric receptors is conceivable (Ferre et al. 2008).”
Arroyave-Ospina, J. C., Buist‐Homan, M., Schmidt, M., & Moshage, H. J. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114884 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of caffeine on striatal neurotransmission: Focus on cannabinoid CB1 receptors
Rossi, S., Chiara, V. D., Musella, A., Mataluni, G., Sacchetti, L., Siracusano, A., Bernardi, G., Usiello, A., & Centonze, D. (2010) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200900237 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Differential Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Diverse Brain Areas of Pregnant Rats
Ballesteros‐Yáñez, I., Castillo, C. A., Amo‐Salas, M., Albasanz, J. L., & Martı́n, M. (2012) · Journal of Caffeine Research · doi:10.1089/jcr.2012.0011 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cortés, A., Casadó-Anguera, V., Moreno, E., & Casadó, V. (2019) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Guidolin, D., Tortorella, C., Marcoli, M., Cervetto, C., Maura, G., & Agnati, L. F. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109509 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Caffeine Induces CYP1A2 Expression in Rat Hepatocytes but not in Human Hepatocytes
Vaynshteyn, D., & Jeong, H. (2012) · Drug Metabolism Letters · doi:10.2174/187231212804096745 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Tolerance to the motor-activating effect of caffeine is in part explained by decreased sensitivity to adenosine receptors [3].”
BackgroundThe Structure of the Adenosine Receptors
Lane, J. R., Jaakola, V., & IJzerman, A. P. (2011) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00001-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Jiang, C. Q., Zhang, W. S., Zhu, F., Jin, Y. L., Cheng, K. K., Lam, T. H., & Xu, L. (2022) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2022.03.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Porzionato, A., Stocco, E., Guidolin, D., Agnati, L. F., Macchi, V., & De, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00697 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Apart from the above homodimers, the ability of A1 receptors to heterodimerize with A2A receptors was also demonstrated in transfected cells by Ferré et al. (2008).”
BackgroundAli, A. A., & Ahmed, H. I. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Parkinsonism · doi:10.4172/2161-0460.1000236 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“It is known that, caffeine can immediately facilitate the release of serotoninergic and dopaminergic transmissions which contribute to antidepressant effects [49].”
BackgroundLane, S. D. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000176 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Adenosine A1 and A2 antagonists have been suggested as potential pharmacotherapies in both substance abuse [13,14] and Parkinson’s disease [15,16].”
BackgroundStress, Brain Adenosine Signaling, and Fatigue-Related Behavioral Processes
Plumb, T. N., Sterlace, S. R., Cavanaugh, K. A., & Minor, T. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3903-5_25 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Modulating P1 Adenosine Receptors in Disease Progression of SOD1G93A Mutant Mice
Armida, M., Matteucci, A., Pèzzola, A., Baqi, Y., Müller, C. E., Popoli, P., & Potenza, R. L. (2019) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-019-02745-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lin, Y.-S., Lange, D., Baur, D. M., Foerges, A. L., Chu, C., Li, C., Elmenhorst, E., Neumaier, B., Bauer, A., Aeschbach, D., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61421-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“during CSR allows the A2AR rebinding to endogenous adenosine even with the presence of caffeine, thereby regaining the inhibition to A1R through the A1R -A2AR heterodimers in striatum (56, 60).”
Menezes, F. P., Torresini, F. M., Nery, L. R., & da Silva, R. S. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0850-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lai, T. H., Schröder, S., Toussaint, M., Dukić-Stefanović, S., Kranz, M., Ludwig, F., Fischer, S., Steinbach, J., Deuther‐Conrad, W., Brust, P., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052285 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The neuromodulatory role of the A2AR in the CNS is strongly related to its ability to interact with other receptors forming heteromers, such as dopamine D2R-A2AR [14], glutamate mGluR5R-A2AR [15], cannabinoid CB1RA2AR [16] and adenosine A1R-A2AR [17].”
BackgroundEffects of oral caffeine pretreatment on response to intravenous nicotine and cocaine.
Johnson, M. W., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2010) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0020509 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“It is possible that caffeine and nicotine interactions may differ depending on whether caffeine is administered chronically, given the well-documented differences in the neuropharmacology of caffeine with and without caffeine tolerance (e.g., Ferre, 2008; Ferre et al., 2008; Karcz-Kubicha et al., 2003; Quarta et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialQin, X., Li, C., Wei, W., He, D., Zhao, Y., Cai, Q., Zhang, N., Chu, X., Shi, S., & Zhang, F. (2023) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2023.2175412 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“As previously mentioned, ca ff eine not only reduced the risk of depression in co ff ee drinkers by modulating dopaminergic neurons [62] but also alters estrogen levels in women [63].”
BackgroundThe Role of Xenobiotic Caffeine on Cardiovascular Health: Promises and Challenges
Campagna, R., & Vignini, A. (2025) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox15020051 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Muñoz-López, S., Sánchez-Melgar, A., Martı́n, M., & Albasanz, J. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1007801 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Magenis, M. L., Damiani, A. P., Franca, I. B., de Marcos, P. S., Effting, P. S., Muller, A. P., Silveira, G. D. B., Corrêa, M. E. A. B., Medeiros, E. B., Silveira, P. C. L., et al. (2022) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.07.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Understanding the Added Value of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Heteromers
Franco, N., & Franco, R. (2014) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2014/362937 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Modulation of Adenosine Receptors by [60]Fullerene Hydrosoluble Derivative in SK-N-MC Cells
Giust, D., León, D., Ballesteros‐Yáñez, I., Ros, T. D., Albasanz, J. L., & Martı́n, M. (2011) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/cn200016q · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Porru, S., López‐Cruz, L., Carratalá‐Ros, C., Salamone, J. D., Acquas, E., & Correa, M. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14553 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Salamone, J. D., Correa, M., Randall, P. A., Nunes, E. J., Pardo, M., & López‐Cruz, L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3903-5_23 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ferre, S.
- Venue
- Frontiers in bioscience
- Publisher
- IMR Press
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2391
- ISSN
- 1093-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 1093-9946
- DOI
- 10.2741/2852
- OpenAlex
- W2163203533
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in bioscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- adenosine A1 receptor, adenosine A2A receptor, receptor heteromers, caffeine, psychostimulant effects, caffeine tolerance, striatum, glutamate release, adenosine receptor antagonism, motor activity
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Brain, Caffeine, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Models, Biological, Motor Activity, Dimerization, Receptor, Adenosine A1, Receptor, Adenosine A2A
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