Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) Program As a Useful Adjunct to Conventional Psychosocial Rehabilitation for Patients with Schizophrenia: Results of a Small-scale Randomized Controlled Trial
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Currently, one of the main objectives of human-animal interaction research is to demonstrate the benefits of animal assisted therapy (AAT) for specific profiles of patients or participants. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of an AAT program as an adjunct to a conventional 6-month psychosocial rehabilitation program for people with schizophrenia. Our hypothesis is that the inclusion of AAT into psychosocial rehabilitation would contribute positively to the impact of the overall program on symptomology and quality of life, and that AAT would be a positive experience for patients. To test these hypotheses, we compared pre-program with post-program scores for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the EuroQoL-5 dimensions questionnaire (EuroQol-5D), pre-session with post-session salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase for the last four AAT sessions, and adherence rates between different elements of the program. We conducted a randomized, controlled study in a psychiatric care center in Spain. Twenty-two institutionalized patients with chronic schizophrenia completed the 6-month rehabilitation program, which included individual psychotherapy, group therapy, a functional program (intended to improve daily functioning), a community program (intended to facilitate community reintegration) and a family program. Each member of the control group (n = 8) participated in one activity from a range of therapeutic activities that were part of the functional program. In place of this functional program activity, the AAT-treatment group (n = 14) participated in twice-weekly 1-h sessions of AAT. All participants received the same weekly total number of hours of rehabilitation. At the end of the program, both groups (control and AAT-treatment) showed significant improvements in positive and overall symptomatology, as measured with PANSS, but only the AAT-treatment group showed a significant improvement in negative symptomatology. Adherence to the AAT-treatment was significantly higher than overall adherence to the control group's functional rehabilitation activities. Cortisol level was significantly reduced after participating in an AAT session, which could indicate that interaction with the therapy dogs reduced stress. In conclusion, the results of this small-scale RCT suggest that AAT could be considered a useful adjunct to conventional psychosocial rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia.
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A number of studies reported that the presence of canines had a direct impact on the primary diagnoses and clinical symptomatology of participants.
“A number of these studies reported that the presence of canines had a direct impact on the primary diagnoses and clinical symptomatology of the participants [31–36].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
The Results (Schizophrenic Symptomatology, page unavailable) report lower positive, negative, and general symptom scores after dog-assisted therapy, but no significant difference from the control group. The Discussion describes a possible effect on negative symptoms, not a demonstrated direct effect on participants’ schizophrenia diagnoses. The claim overstates what this trial establishes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdult inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia had reduced other negative symptoms.
“Adult inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia had reduced anhedonia [35] and other negative symptoms [36].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Calvo, P., Fortuny, J. R., Guzmán, S., Macías, C., Bowen, J., García, M. L., Orejas, O., Molins, F., Tvarijonaviciute, A., Cerón, J. J., Bulbena, A., & Fatjó, J.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Parc de Salut (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Calvo, Paula
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-05-06
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 631-631
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4858645
- OpenAlex
- W2347165542
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Instituto Millenium
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- animal-assisted therapy, therapy dogs, schizophrenia, psychosocial rehabilitation, adjunctive therapy, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, quality of life, salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, stress reduction, medication adherence, community reintegration, functional rehabilitation
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