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Opportunities, challenges, and strategies for using ChatGPT in higher education: A literature review
Open accessAbstract
While there is a growing body of research on chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) in education, there appears to be little research that provides a comprehensive review of challenges, opportunities, and strategies for the effective utilization of ChatGPT in higher education. This study aims to fill this research gap by focusing on the opportunities, challenges, and strategies for using ChatGPT in higher education. The study adopted a literature review approach and employed document analysis as a research design. It reviewed various types of documents, particularly research articles, published since 2022 when ChatGPT was launched. Based on the extensive review, the study shows that ChatGPT offers a variety of opportunities for higher education, including assessment innovation, instructional support, remote learning support, research design and development support, academic writing support, and administrative assistance and productivity. However, ChatGPT also presents a number of challenges and issues related to academic integrity, security and privacy, reliance on artificial intelligence, learning assessment, and information accuracy. The study offers a set of recommendations for the effective utilization of ChatGPT in higher education. It concludes that the application of ChatGPT in higher education presents both benefits and challenges; thus, efforts and strategies are needed to ensure the effective use of ChatGPT for academic purposes.
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Cites
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Vaishya, R., Misra, A., & Vaish, A. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102744 · Cited by 293 · cited 1×
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“The concerns have focused on academic honesty and plagiarism issues (Cotton et al., 2023), overdependence on AI (Crawford et al., 2023; Jarrah et al., 2023; Sok & Heng, 2023), misleading information (Karakose et al., 2023; Zhuo et al., 2023), and biased learning assessment (Rasul et al., 2023).”
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Neumann, M., Rauschenberger, M., & Schön, E.-M. (2023) · Hochschule Hannover · doi:10.25968/opus-2467 · Cited by 212 · cited 1×
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Zhai, X. (2023) · XRDS Crossroads The ACM Magazine for Students · doi:10.1145/3589649 · Cited by 178 · cited 1×
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BackgroundChoi, E. P. H., Lee, J. J., Ho, M.-H., Kwok, J. Y. Y., & Lok, K. Y. W. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105796 · Cited by 172 · cited 1×
“…training on the corpus of data derived from multiple internet sources, including websites, journal articles, and textbooks (Adiguzel et al., 2023; Choi et al., 2023; Kung et al., 2023), ChatGPT is capable of generating precise responses to an array of prompts and inquiries instantaneously…”
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“Many researchers have raised concern about academic integrity among students due to the potential misuse or unethical use of ChatGPT (see Anderson et al., 2023; Atlas, 2023; Crawford et al., 2023; Cotton et al., 2023; Eke, 2023; Sallam, 2023; Sok & Heng, 2023; Sullivan et al., 2023; Thurzo et al.,…”
BackgroundChatGPT Performs on the Chinese National Medical Licensing Examination
Wang, X., Gong, Z., Wang, G., Jia, J., Xu, Y., Zhao, J., Fan, Q., Wu, S., Hu, W., & Li, X. (2023) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-023-01961-0 · Cited by 166 · cited 1×
“In a similar vein, educators can leverage ChatGPT to quickly generate scenarios, quizzes, and exercises for evaluating students ’ learning (Khan et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023).”
BackgroundRed teaming ChatGPT via Jailbreaking: Bias, Robustness, Reliability and Toxicity
Zhuo, T. Y., Huang, Y., Chen, C., & Xing, Z. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2301.12867 · Cited by 164 · cited 1×
“The concerns have focused on academic honesty and plagiarism issues (Cotton et al., 2023), overdependence on AI (Crawford et al., 2023; Jarrah et al., 2023; Sok & Heng, 2023), misleading information (Karakose et al., 2023; Zhuo et al., 2023), and biased learning assessment (Rasul et al., 2023).”
BackgroundA Preliminary Investigation of Fake Peer-Reviewed Citations and References Generated by ChatGPT
Day, T. (2023) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2023.2190373 · Cited by 160 · cited 2×
“Although ChatGPT has the capability to generate responses within seconds, research has shown that the outputs generated by it might be misleading (Day, 2023; Gordijn & Have, 2023; Hügle, 2023; Sallam, 2023; Tlili et al., 2023; Wen & Wang, 2023), which could in turn cause a destructive effect on…”
BackgroundResultChatGPT and Publication Ethics
Rahimi, F., & Talebi Bezmin Abadi, A. (2023) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.03.004 · Cited by 158 · cited 1×
“One of the most cutting-edge AI tools to date is a chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT), which has rapidly attracted over 100 million global users after a few months of its public launch in November 2022 (Rahimi & Abadi, 2023).”
BackgroundTopsakal, O., & Topsakal, E. (2022) · The Journal of Cognitive Systems · doi:10.52876/jcs.1227392 · Cited by 151 · cited 1×
“Specifically, ChatGPT could be leveraged to help teachers prepare the instructional materials required for their teaching and ensure quality assurance (Cox & Tzoc, 2023; Kraugusteeliana et al., 2023; Megahed et al., 2023; Topsakal & Topsakal, 2022).”
BackgroundExploring the Usage of ChatGPT in Higher Education: Frequency and Impact on Productivity
Firaina, R., & Sulisworo, D. (2023) · Buletin Edukasi Indonesia · doi:10.56741/bei.v2i01.310 · Cited by 151 · cited 1×
“This application is, therefore, deemed a supportive and effective tool to facilitate non-English speakers or writers in overcoming linguistic barriers (Firaina & Sulisworo, 2023; Sallam, 2023).”
MethodChatGPT for Higher Education and Professional Development: A Guide to Conversational AI
Atlas, S. (2023) · Journal of Media Literacy Education · Cited by 144
Alneyadi, S., & Wardat, Y. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/13417 · Cited by 142 · cited 1×
“…generating precise responses to an array of prompts and inquiries instantaneously (Qadir, 2022) and producing nearly flawless texts that are challenging to distinguish from humans ’ writing (Alneyadi & Wardat, 2023; Cotton et al., 2023; Susnjak, 2022; Talan & Kalinkara, 2023; Wardat et al., 2023).”
BackgroundCoffey, A. J. (2014) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446282243.n25 · Cited by 137
ChatGPT: Implications for academic libraries
Cox, C., & Tzoc, E. (2023) · College & Research Libraries News · doi:10.5860/crln.84.3.99 · Cited by 119 · cited 3×
“Given the complexity of research design, it is vital to utilize AI tools like ChatGPT for support in simplifying research components, brainstorming research topics, and summarizing articles (Cox & Tzoc, 2023).”
BackgroundMethodChatGPT for research and publication: Opportunities and challenges
Xames, M. D., & Shefa, J. (2023) · Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching · doi:10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.20 · Cited by 117
Loh, E. (2024) · BMJ Leader · doi:10.1136/leader-2023-000797 · Cited by 116 · cited 1×
“It is also important to note that the responses generated by ChatGPT may be inaccurate and unreliable since this AI tool can only function with the data set on which it was trained (Lee, 2023; Loh, 2023).”
MethodWen, J., & Wang, W. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1207 · Cited by 115 · cited 1×
“…generate responses within seconds, research has shown that the outputs generated by it might be misleading (Day, 2023; Gordijn & Have, 2023; Hügle, 2023; Sallam, 2023; Tlili et al., 2023; Wen & Wang, 2023), which could in turn cause a destructive effect on users, particularly teachers and students.”
BackgroundChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Quick Start Guide
Sabzalieva, E., & Valenti, A. (2023) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · Cited by 108
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: ChatGPT Assessment for Anatomy Course
Talan, T., & Kalınkara, Y. (2023) · Uluslararası Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri ve Bilgisayar Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33461/uybisbbd.1244777 · Cited by 104 · cited 2×
“…generating precise responses to an array of prompts and inquiries instantaneously (Qadir, 2022) and producing nearly flawless texts that are challenging to distinguish from humans ’ writing (Alneyadi & Wardat, 2023; Cotton et al., 2023; Susnjak, 2022; Talan & Kalinkara, 2023; Wardat et al., 2023).”
BackgroundMethodChatGPT in Research: Balancing Ethics, Transparency and Advancement
Graf, A., & Bernardi, R. E. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.008 · Cited by 98 · cited 2×
“More specifically, as Graf and Bernardi (2023) highlighted, not only is ChatGPT capable of correcting sentence structure and grammar, but it can also help with writing and editing.”
BackgroundMethodKarakose, T., Demirkol, M., Aslan, N., Köse, H., & Yirci, R. (2023) · Educational Process International Journal · doi:10.22521/edupij.2023.123.1 · Cited by 65 · cited 2×
“In academia, the reception of ChatGPT tends to be controversial, as reflected by scholarly discussions on the benefits and shortcomings of ChatGPT (see Chukwuere, 2023; Karakose, 2023; Neumann et al., 2023).”
BackgroundTajik, E., & Tajik, F. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.22589497.v1 · Cited by 61
Malik, A., Khan, M. L., & Hussain, K. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4413516 · Cited by 59 · cited 2×
“As advised by Malik et al. (2023), the learning assessment should consider prominent aspects, such as oral tests, in-class exams that are case study-focused or problem-based, and exams given in the context of the material being taught.”
BackgroundConducting Academic Research with the AI Interface ChatGPT: Challenges and Opportunities
Dönmez, İ., İdin, Ş., & Gülen, S. (2023) · DSpace@MŞU · doi:10.55290/steam.1263404 · Cited by 56
ChatGPT for Research and Publication: Opportunities and ChallengesPreprint
Xames, M. D., & Shefa, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4381803 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“Despite an increasing body of research on the benefits and drawbacks of using ChatGPT in education (Lo, 2023; Sok & Heng, 2023; Xames & Shefa, 2023), there seems to be limited research that provides a comprehensive review of the opportunities, challenges, and strategies regarding the use of ChatGPT…”
BackgroundThe wide range of opportunities for large language models such as ChatGPT in rheumatology
Hügle, T. (2023) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003105 · Cited by 43 · cited 2×
“…to generate responses within seconds, research has shown that the outputs generated by it might be misleading (Day, 2023; Gordijn & Have, 2023; Hügle, 2023; Sallam, 2023; Tlili et al., 2023; Wen & Wang, 2023), which could in turn cause a destructive effect on users, particularly teachers and…”
BackgroundThe Utility of ChatGPT in Educational Research—Potential Opportunities and Pitfalls
Karaköse, T. (2023) · Educational Process International Journal · doi:10.22521/edupij.2023.122.1 · Cited by 38 · cited 2×
“In academia, the reception of ChatGPT tends to be controversial, as reflected by scholarly discussions on the benefits and shortcomings of ChatGPT (see Chukwuere, 2023; Karakose, 2023; Neumann et al., 2023).”
BackgroundTajik, E., & Tajik, F. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.22589497 · Cited by 25
Why ChatGPT is such a big deal for education
Anders, B. A. (2023) · ScholarSpace - JCCC (Johnson County Community College) · Cited by 14
Gimpel, H., Hall, K., Decker, S., Eymann, T., Lämmermann, L., Mädche, A., Röglinger, M., Ruiner, C., Schoch, M., Schoop, M., et al. (2023) · University writing server of the University of Hohenheim (Universität Hohenheim) · Cited by 13
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kraugusteeliana, K., Indriana, I. H., Krisnanik, E., Muliawati, A., & Irmanda, H. N. (2023). Utilization of ChatGPT’s artificial intelligence in improving the quality and productivity of lecturers’ work. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling [Journal of Education and Counseling], 5(2), 3245-3249.
- Paré, G., & Kitsiou, S. (2017). Methods for literature reviews. In F. Lau, & C. Kuziemsky (Eds.), Handbook of eHealth evaluation: An evidence-based approach (pp. 157-180). University of Victoria.
- Turnitin. (2023). Turnitin announces AI writing detector and AI writing resource center for educators. Turnitin. https://www.turnitin.com/press/turnitin-announces-ai-writing-detector-and-ai-writing-resource-center-for-educators
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Generative AI in Higher Education: Balancing Innovation and Integrity
Francis, N. J., Jones, S., & Smith, D. P. (2025) · British Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.3389/bjbs.2024.14048 · Cited by 295
“Such approaches help students develop critical thinking skills about GenAI and its capabilities [43].”
The impact of ChatGPT feedback on the development of EFL students’ writing skills
Poláková, P., & Ivenz, P. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2410101 · Cited by 246
“ChatGPT can provide effective and efficient answers saving time and effort (Sok & Heng, 2024).”
InfluentialA Systematic Review of the Limitations and Associated Opportunities of ChatGPT
Cong‐Lem, N., Soyoof, A., & Tsering, D. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2344142 · Cited by 140
“Similarly, the opportunities identified in this study resonate with the findings on opportunities in a review by Sok and Heng (2024).”
Salih, S., Husain, O., Hamdan, M., Abdelsalam, S., Elshafie, H., & Motwakel, A. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103837 · Cited by 74
Artificial intelligence-powered tools and academic writing: to use or not to use ChatGPT
Al-Sofi, B. (2024) · Saudi Journal of Language Studies · doi:10.1108/sjls-06-2024-0029 · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Sok, S., & Heng, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Puthisastra (KH)
- Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia (KH)
- Corresponding author
- Sok, Sarin
- Venue
- Journal of Digital Educational Technology
- Publisher
- Modestum Ltd
- Published
- 2024-01-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- ep2401
- ISSN
- 2752-5503 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4389733229
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 25
- FWCI
- 28.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Digital Educational Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models, higher education, artificial intelligence in education, academic integrity, assessment innovation, academic writing support, AI reliance, information accuracy, privacy and security, pedagogical support, research support
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