Leadership is needed for ethical ChatGPT: Character, assessment, and learning using artificial intelligence (AI)

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Writing is a complex activity but paired with deadlines, other academic pressures and stress, students undertake a substantial cognitive load when completing written-based assignments.

“Writing is already a complex activity but paired with deadlines, other academic pressures and stress, students undertake a substantial cognitive load when completing written-based assignments”

• cites Lea & Street, 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

ChatGPT offers better student autonomy and wellbeing for learners.

“Third, ChatGPT we argue, offers better student autonomy and wellbeing for learners.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Students who experience high stress are particularly susceptible to engaging in plagiarism or the misuse of AI technology.

“Students who experience high stress are particularly susceptible to engaging in plagiarism or the misuse of AI technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Effective teacher leadership is needed to develop student character so they use ChatGPT for good, rather than for personal benefit.

“We argue that effective teacher leadership is needed to develop student character so they use ChatGPT for good, rather than for personal benefit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

ChatGPT can be used to support deeper learning and better learning outcomes for students.

“we highlight that while ChatGPT -like papermills, and degree factories before it -can be used to cheat on university exams, it can also be used to support deeper learning and better learning outcomes for students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is possible ChatGPT could support facilitation of a flow state.

“It is possible it could support facilitation of a flow state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

To combat prospective cheating or misuse of ChatGPT, cultivating a sense of moral character in students is an imperative.

“It is our proposition therefore that to combat prospective cheating or misuse of the ChatGPT application, and future artificial intelligence chatbots and tools, by cultivating a sense of moral character in students as an imperative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It may be that students who feel academic pressure are prone to using AI to complete assignments and AI technology may be one way some students cope with stress.

“It may be that students who feel academic pressure are prone to using AI to complete assignments and AI technology may be one way some students cope with stress.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Removing the noise from their studies supports deeper learning and flow states.

“Second, remove the noise from their studies to support deeper learning and flow states.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The future-focused promotion of good practice and character development does not forego the need for detection.

“The future-focused promotion of good practice and character development does not forego the need for detection, as undetected cheating could lead to future character erosion, but rather offers a multipronged response that serves as more effective than only focusing on prevention or prescription”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There are risks to overreliance on ChatGPT.

“So, there are risks to overreliance, and it could provide useful opportunities for students to engage more deeply in learning practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Educators can leverage AI like ChatGPT to build supportive learning environments for students who have cultivated good character.

“We identify in this commentary a position where educators can leverage AI like ChatGPT to build supportive learning environments for students who have cultivated good character.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Leadership is a root support mechanism, character development an antidote, and authentic assessment an enabler for responding to ChatGPT in higher education.

“we acknowledge the existing literature on plagiarism and academic integrity, and consider leadership as a root support mechanism, character development as an antidote, and authentic assessment as an enabler.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Effective leadership opportunities embedded into core curriculum may pose a possible antidote to future convenience that students might be afforded by difficult-to-detect cheating practices.

“For this, effective leadership opportunities embedded into core curriculum may pose a possible antidote to whatever future convenience that students might be afforded by difficult-todetect cheating practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Character-based leadership development will support a response to the fear of cheating, not purely detection.

“First, we argue that it is character-based leadership development that will support a response to the fear of cheating, not purely detection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Undetected cheating could lead to future character erosion.

“The future-focused promotion of good practice and character development does not forego the need for detection, as undetected cheating could lead to future character erosion, but rather offers a multipronged response that serves as more effective than only focusing on prevention or prescription”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ChatGPT could provide useful opportunities for students to engage more deeply in learning practices.

“So, there are risks to overreliance, and it could provide useful opportunities for students to engage more deeply in learning practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ChatGPT offers students the opportunity to simplify the learning process to create less distraction, and more flow.

“ChatGPT offers students the opportunity to simplify the learning process to create less distraction, and more flow.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The use of ChatGPT requires a change in the way students are assessed.

“The use of the tool requires a change in the way students are assessed, however.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For many universities, a fear-based ban response is an example of exercising fear in the advent of new tools that challenge us.

“And, for many universities, a fear-based ban response is an example of this.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

ChatGPT-3 provides real-time, 24/7 support for feedback, help, and suggestions.

“Real-time, 24/7 support is available for feedback, help, and suggestions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such a focus may enable students to inquire more deeply into their content and material and engage in deeper forms of learning.

“Such a focus may enable students to inquire about their content and material more deeply, and indeed engage in deeper forms of learning (e.g., Archer-Kuhn, 2020).”

• cites Archer-Kuhn, 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

AI provides an alternative pathway to learning.

“It does, however, provide an alternative pathway to learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The veracity of ChatGPT output should always be questioned.

“The way that ChatGPT works means that whilst it will produce output, the veracity of this output should always be questioned”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

ChatGPT does not actually understand what it's saying.

“Intriguingly, this means that ChatGPT does not actually understand what it's saying”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The percentage of students who admit to cheating has increased significantly in recent years; in 1963 only 3% admitted cheating on exams, while in 2015 that number had risen to 64%.

“In 1963, for instance, only 3 percent of students admitted to cheating on exams, while in 2015, that number had risen to 64 percent and some studies identify higher rates”

• cites McCabe et al., 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Wright, 2015Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The issue of students cheating on their assignments is not new practice.

“The issue of students cheating on their assignments is not new practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a context where increasing numbers of university students feel lonely and isolated, ChatGPT-3 could fill a part of this void.

“In a context where increasing numbers of university students feel lonely and isolated (Thomas et al., 2020), ChatGPT-3 could fill a part of this void.”

• cites Thomas et al., 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Students can still have ChatGPT supplement their language or provide tips on making a podcast, but it does not purely replace the student creating the podcast.

“While the students can still have ChatGPT supplement their language, or provide tips on making a podcast, it does not purely replace the student creating the podcast; an assessment-for-learning activity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is opportunity to consider assessment that is less traditional, such as drawing a storyboard for a process-related assessment, or making a podcast about a core topic.

“Likewise, there is also opportunity to consider assessment that is less traditional, such as drawing a storyboard for a process-related assessment, or making a podcast about a core topic.”

May combine two claims.

While ChatGPT data may generally be correct and it can support higher volume scholarly work, it still needs a critical reader.

“That is, while the data may generally be correct, and it can support higher volume scholarly work (Liebrenz et al., 2023), it still needs a critical reader in its work.”

• cites Liebrenz et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Using ChatGPT to produce a summative result is rife with risk.

“In this way, using ChatGPT to produce a summative result is rife with risk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The progression of AI has grown and accelerated, with LLM AIs like ChatGPT creating radical change in the way people do, be, and learn.

“Indeed, the progression of artificial intelligence has grown and accelerated in the past years, with the LLM AIslike ChatGPTcreating radical change in the way people do, be, and learn.”

May combine two claims.

Moral disengagement and motivated forgetting of bad decisions are two key mechanisms by which students can feel comfortable with cheating.

“Such development is critical if moral disengagement and patterns of motivated forgetting of bad decisions is to be avoided, two key mechanisms by which students can feel comfortable with cheating”

• cites Shu et al., 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

ChatGPT-3 places autonomy in the hands of the student.

“ChatGPT-3 places autonomy in the hands of the student.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

With the right assessment and curriculum design, ChatGPT could enable students to be more critical in their learning rather than anxious about lacking references or misplaced commas.

“This opportunity, with the right assessment and curriculum design, could enable students to be more critical in their learning, rather than anxious that they have a lack of references, or that commas are in the wrong place (Gravett & Kinchin, 2020).”

• cites Gravett & Kinchin, 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

ChatGPT itself suggests a mechanism by which the tool might be used to improve quality of submission for students.

“Instead, ChatGPT itself suggests a mechanism that the tool might be used to improve quality of submission for students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT generates its output based on the prompt, using a pre-trained model built from a large corpus of data scraped from the internet.

“ChatGPT generates its output based on the prompt, using a pre-trained model that has been built from a large corpus of data (big data) that ChatGPT has scraped the internet for.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Assuming students build capacity to evaluate the value of the text and ensure the final output is correct, this has the potential to produce a more useful result reflecting the students' ideas and approach while allowing them to express themselves as a form of 'transition pedagogy'.

“Assuming they build capacity to evaluate the value of the text and ensure that the final output is correct, this has the potential to produce a more useful result, reflecting the students' ideas and approach, but allowing them to express themselves as a form of 'transition pedagogy'.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Students will build the capacity to evaluate the value of the text and ensure that the final output is correct.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can help students identify areas they have missed, provide light guidance on where they might read more, and foster a sense of connection to supplement existing peer and teacher connections.

“It can help students to identify areas they have missed, provide light guidance on where they might read more, and foster a sense of connection (albeit human-robot connection) to supplement existing peer and teacher connections.”

May combine two claims.

Authentic assessment questions where the answers are multiple will enable students to learn with the aid of ChatGPT, but not exclusively with it.

“It is likely in these sorts of authentic assessment questionswhere the answers are multiplethat will enable students to learn with the aid of ChatGPT, but not exclusively with it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ChatGPT's output is not actually its own opinion but a confluence of societal opinion from its last knowledge update.

“While this bullish answer would perhaps be expected from a machine being asked to evaluate itself, it is worthwhile remembering that this is not actually ChatGPT's opinion, but a confluence of societal opinion from its last knowledge update.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These systems and practice have still plagued higher education.

“Yet, these systems and practice have still plagued higher education.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This may be through effective teacher role modelling, through leadership development opportunities, or through continuous self-awareness, ethics, and decision-making training to build critical thinkers with a firm moral compass.

“This may be through effective teacher role modelling, through leadership development opportunities, or through continuous self-awareness, ethics, and decision-making training to build critical thinkers with a firm moral compass.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

ChatGPT-3 may support students by bolstering their feelings of competence by equipping them with the skills and resources needed for a set writing task.

“ChatGPT-3 may also support students by bolstering their feelings of competence by equipping them with the skills and resources needed for a set writing task.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There may be space for ChatGPT-3 to foster relatedness for university students.

“There may be space for ChatGPT-3 to foster relatedness for university students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Early assessment could receive feedback from ChatGPT, with the quality of the student prompts assessable.

“Early assessment could receive feedback from ChatGPT, with the quality of the student prompts assessable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Asking ChatGPT to challenge the assumptions made in a student reflection may support elevated self-awareness and more critical thinking.

“This activity may support elevated self-awareness and more critical thinking (see Figure 1).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

ChatGPT can be encouraged in the same way software tools like Grammarly can be used to support learning.

“Instead, and perhaps unlike papermills, ChatGPT can be encouraged in the same way software tools like Grammarly can be used to support learning (Thi & Nikolov, 2022).”

• cites Thi & Nikolov, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Many students are still developing their capacity for critical thinking.

“it is likely many students are still developing their capacity for critical thinking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

ChatGPT is likely to entrench existing views of the world rather than what the world ought to be.

“it is likely to entrench existing views of the world rather than what the world ought to be.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

By embedding AI like ChatGPT into subjects and courses, we might be able to teach students ethical use of such devices.

“That is, by embedding AI like ChatGPT into subjects and courses, we might be able to teach students ethical use of such devices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ChatGPT reached 100 million users in less than 2 months.

“with an oft-quoted statistic that ChatGPT was able to reach 100 million users in less than 2 months”

• cites Hu, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Without an evaluation step conducted by somebody with expertise, the output of ChatGPT remains underutilised.

“ChatGPT quite rightly acknowledges that without an evaluation step conducted by somebody with expertise, the output of the tool remains underutilised.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The use of an AI tool like ChatGPT could free students from the demand for cognitive resources to reach a state of flow and become fully immersed in the task.

“To support students to be more immersed in their learning, it is possible that the use of an AI toollike ChatGPTcould free students from the demand for cognitive resources to reach a state of flow and become fully immersed in the task.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

ChatGPT has created a significant level of concern in the higher education sector.

“it is in producing this that ChatGPT has created a significant level of concern in the higher education sector.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While AI can help students learn, it does not substitute learning.

“While AI can help students learn, it does not substitute learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

By requiring students to carefully construct prompts and evaluate results, potentially with a tutor providing formative feedback, ChatGPT can be used to support students and build their confidence.

“By requiring students to carefully construct their prompts and evaluate their results, potentially in the presence of a tutor in the form of formative feedback, ChatGPT can be used to support students and build their confidence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such development is critical if moral disengagement and patterns of motivated forgetting of bad decisions is to be avoided.

“Such development is critical if moral disengagement and patterns of motivated forgetting of bad decisions is to be avoided”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The ChatGPT software tool has raised significant questions for the future of higher education.

“The ChatGPT software tool has raised significant questions for the future of higher education.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT and similar AI chatbots provide an opportunity for students to seek feedback on their assignments and to have their beliefs questioned and challenged.

“In the realm of assessment ChatGPT, and similar AI chatbots, provide an opportunity for students to seek feedback on their assignments, and to have their beliefs questioned and challenged.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

By dissecting ChatGPT output, students can leverage the tool to support and improve quality of submission.

“And in dissecting the ChatGPT output, students can begin to leverage the tool to support and improve quality of submission, in line with the original ideals of AI first espoused back in the 1950s.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The emergent literature contains an implied assumption that students will use ChatGPT-3 to write assignments for them.

“There is an implied assumption in the emergent literature that students will use ChatGPT-3 to write assignments for them (e.g., Pavlik, 2023;Perkins, 2023).”

• cites Pavlik, 2023Not checked yet

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• cites Perkins, 2023Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Papermills and contract cheating firms have challenged the sector to detect the authenticity of work.

“More recently, papermills and contract cheating firms have challenged the sector to detect the authenticity of work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Over time, the possibilities for ChatGPT in higher education will continue to grow alongside the challenges of embedding the tool.

“We suspect that over time, these will continue to grow alongside the challenges of embedding a tool that provides much of the conventional answers to some instructional models of teaching theory.”

May combine two claims.

Academic stress is positively linked with cheating behaviour and students who are more likely to engage in plagiarism.

“Research has found that academic stress is positively linked with cheating behaviour (Ma et al., 2013) and students who are more likely to engage in plagiarism (Ehrich et al., 2016).”

• cites Ma et al., 2013Not checked yet

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• cites Ehrich et al., 2016Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Effective measures of detection and prescription of significant punishment have been proposed as a solution to cheating.

“And for some, effective measures of detection, and prescription of significant punishment has been the proposed solution”

• cites Amigud & Dawson, 2019Not checked yet

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• cites Dawson et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

From a set of brief ideas, students can generate text in which they have more confidence and check that text with their institutional tutor as a form of 'soft help'.

“From a set of brief ideas, students can generate text in which they have more confidence, and check that text with their institutional tutor as a form of 'soft help'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the contemporary learning context, opportunities arise that may enable ChatGPT-3 to be used for creating essay plans, completing grammar checking, or generating suggestions for key content curation and missing information.

“In the contemporary learning context, opportunities arise that may enable ChatGPT-3 to be used for creating essay plans, completing grammar checking, or generating suggestions for key content curation, and missing information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

ChatGPT has the potential to provide students with a sense of control and psychological autonomy by giving them control over their writing.

“ChatGPT has the potential to provide students with a sense of control and psychological autonomy needs by providing them with a sense of control over their writing.”

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT-3 has the propensity to support students meeting their basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, facilitating self-determination and bolstering academic motivation and performance.

“ChatGPT-3, we posit, also has the propensity to support students meeting their basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness to facilitate self-determination and bolster academic motivation and performance (Geary et al., 2023Ryan & Deci, 2000).”

• cites Geary et al., 2023Not checked yet

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• cites Ryan & Deci, 2000Not checked yet

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