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Cited by 186Education Discipline and InequalityCritical Race Theory in EducationLegal Issues in Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

These Deadly Times: Reconceptualizing School Violence by Using Critical Race Theory and Disability Studies

Watts, Ivan Eugene, Erevelles, Nirmala·2004·American Educational Research Journal
DOI 10.3102/00028312041002271
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Abstract

Most pragmatic responses to school violence seek to assign individual blame and to instill individual responsibility in students. The authors of this article argue that school violence is the result of the structural violence of oppressive social conditions that force students (especially low-income, male African American and Latino students) to feel vulnerable, angry, and resistant to the normative expectations of prison-like school environments. From the vantage point of the intersection of critical race theory and materialist disability studies, the authors examine the impact of social, political, economic, and institutional structures on the social construction of the “deviant” student. They raise questions regarding violent “normalizing” structures and argue for more empowering alternatives.

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Crossref · 10.3102/00028312041002271

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Citations

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Show all 91 references

Research works printed but not linked: 33

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  2. Bell DA, 1995, Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement, 303
  3. Berkeley Alliance, 1999, Report on student achievement in the Berkeley Unified School District
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  5. Crenshaw K, 1995, Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement
  6. Deever B, 1991, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Curriculum History
  7. Dunbar C, 2001, Alternative schooling for African American youth: Does anyone know we're here?
  8. Erevelles N, 2002, Disability, Culture, and Education, 1, 5
  9. Freeman AD, 1995, Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement, 29
  10. Freire P, 1970, Pedagogy of the oppressed
  11. Freire P, 2000, Smoke and mirrors: The hidden context of violence in school and society, 163
  12. Gaines D, 2000, Smoke and mirrors: The hidden context of violence in school and society, 107
  13. Giroux HA, 2002, Smoke and mirrors: The hidden context of violence in school and society, 93
  14. Gotanda N, 1995, Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement, 257
  15. Harris CI, 1995, Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement, 276
  16. Harvey S, 1993, Woodstock Report, 34, 3
  17. Hoover S, 1996, Let's make a deal: Collaborating on a full-service school for your community
  18. Kerner O, 1968, National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder
  19. Klein J, 2000, Smoke and mirrors: The hidden context of violence in school and society, 129
  20. Kozol J, 1991, Savage inequalities, 40
  21. Marable M, 1983, How capitalism underdeveloped Black America
  22. Mutua NK, 2001, Educational Studies: A Journal of the Educational Studies Association, 32, 289
  23. Polakov V, 2000, The public assault on America's children: Poverty, violence, and juvenile injustice
  24. Raywid MA, 1999, Current literature on small schools
  25. Roithmayr D, 1999, Race is . . . race isn't: Critical race theory and qualitative studies in education, 1
  26. Russell M, 1998, Beyond ramps: Disability at the end of the racial contract
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  28. Spina SU, 2000, Smoke and mirrors: The hidden context of violence in school and society
  29. Texeira M, 1995, Western Journal of Black Studies, 19, 235
  30. Villenas S, 1999, Race is . . . race isn't: Critical race theory and qualitative studies in education, 31
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  32. Willis P, 1977, Learning to labor
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Metadata

Authors
Watts, I. E., & Erevelles, N.
Affiliations
  • Auburn University (US)
  • University of Alabama (US)
ORCID
Erevelles, Nirmala
Venue
American Educational Research Journal
Publisher
American Educational Research Association (AERA)
Published
2004-01
Volume
41
Issue
2
Pages
271-299
ISSN
  • 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-1011
DOI
10.3102/00028312041002271
OpenAlex
W1983775114
Cited by
186
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
FWCI
24.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
  • Social Sciences › Law › Legal Issues in Education
Keywords
school violence, critical race theory, disability studies, structural violence, low-income students, African American students, Hispanic students, social construction of deviance, normalization, student empowerment, institutional framework

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