Conceptualizing color-evasiveness: using dis/ability critical race theory to expand a color-blind racial ideology in education and society

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The final literature review sample consisted of 13 articles, 12 in law and 1 in education.

“These parameters left us with 13 articles, 12 law, and 1 education, all of which are reviewed below.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Typing the term 'color-blindness' into Google Scholar resulted in over 36,000 results, many referencing Gotanda.

“For example, typing the term 'color-blindness' into Google Scholar resulted in over 36,000 results, many referencing Gotanda.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It was not until the last decade that Gotanda's critique of color-blindness began to transform within the field of education.

“It was not until the last decade that Gotanda's critique of color-blindness began to transform within the field of education.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gotanda's 1991 piece has been cited over 1400 times when searched on Google Scholar alone.

“Specifically, Gotanda's 1991 piece has been cited over 1400 times when searched on Google Scholar alone.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Much U.S. education scholarship did not seek to theoretically extend Gotanda's work.

“Though the recognition and critique of ways schools (re)produce color-blind racial ideology in discourse, policy, and practices was wholly necessary, much U.S. education scholarship did not seek to theoretically extend Gotanda's work.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Color-blind racial ideology has historically been conceptualized in the U.S. as 'race is irrelevant' and therefore it should be disregarded.

“Color-blind racial ideology has historically been conceptualized in the U.S. as 'race is irrelevant' and therefore, it should be disregarded (Gotanda 1991, 268).”

• cites Gotanda 1991, 268 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The underlying message of interpreting Harlan's quote as a commitment to ignore race insinuates that recognizing race is problematic and therefore the solution is to discount race.

“The underlying message of this interpretation insinuates that recognizing race is problematic and therefore the solution is to discount race (Guinier and Torres 2002).”

• cites Guinier and Torres 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A commitment to color-blindness swept through the U.S. and color-blind rhetoric was taken up heartily in education as evidenced by education policies and practices using color-blind language.

“A commitment to color-blindness swept through the U.S. and color-blind rhetoric was taken up heartily in the field of education as evidenced by several education policies and practices that utilize color-blind language (Rodriguez 2015; U.S. Department of Education 2010).”

• cites Rodriguez 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites U.S. Department of Education 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Color-evasiveness, as an expansive racial ideology, resists positioning people with disabilities as problematic as it does not partake in dis/ability as a metaphor for undesired.

“Color-evasiveness, as an expansive racial ideology, resists positioning people with disabilities as problematic as it does not partake in dis/ability as a metaphor for undesired.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Because racism and ableism are normalizing processes that are interdependent, bodies that do not fit into a norm are identified as problems.

“First, because racism and ableism are normalizing processes that are interdependent, bodies that do not fit into a norm are identified as problems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Once a person is labeled with differences or dis/abilities, there is justification for segregation in the name of remediation.

“Third, once a person is labeled with differences or dis/abilities, there is justification for segregation in the name of remediation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gotanda noted color-blind racial ideology preserved white supremacy by sustaining the social, economic, and political advantages that whites hold over other Americans.

“Gotanda noted this color-blind racial ideology preserved white supremacy by sustaining, 'the social, economic, and political advantages that whites hold over other Americans ' (3).”

• cites Gotanda 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The implication of passivity and the use of blindness within the racial ideology of color-blindness locates the problem and the power within an individual; one can simply ignore race, and racism will go away.

“The implication of passivity and the use of blindness within the racial ideology of color-blindness locates the problem and the power within an individual; one can simply ignore race, and racism will go away (Gotanda 1991).”

• cites Gotanda 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By naming this racial ideology as color-evasiveness, we demonstrate the social construction of race and ability while simultaneously confronting the social and material consequences of racism and ableism.

“By naming this racial ideology as color-evasiveness, we demonstrate the social construction of race and ability while simultaneously confronting the social and material consequences of racism and ableism.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Race is a social construction.

May combine two claims.

In U.S. education, a commitment to color-blind racial ideology conflated acknowledging race with being racist, and the implication for educators has been that refusing to recognize race is to be morally superior.

“Wells' (2014) analysis of education policy and reform reflected that similar to law, a commitment to color-blind racial ideology in U.S. education conflated acknowledging race with being racist, and therefore the implications for educators have been to refuse to recognize race is to be morally superior (Rogers and Christian 2007).”

• cites Rogers and Christian 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Race scholars use dis/ability as a metaphor for disadvantage, such as racism cripples, deaf to the argument on racial injustices, and shortsighted views on racial inequities.

“Moreover, race scholars also use dis/ability as a metaphor for disadvantage: racism cripples, deaf to the argument on racial injustices, and shortsighted views on racial inequities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Counter-narratives must be multidimensional, considering multiple intersections of identity.

“Finally, counter-narratives must be multidimensional, considering multiple intersections of identity.”

May combine two claims.

The ways ableist language perpetuates non-recognition allows for the subordination of dis/abled people and misses the intersections between being socially constructed racially as the other and dis/abled.

“The ways ableist language perpetuates non-recognition allows for the subordination of dis/abled people and misses the intersections between being socially constructed racially as the other and dis/abled.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

DisCrit addresses how the legacy of historical beliefs about race and ability, which were based on white supremacy, have become intertwined in complex ways that carry into the present day.

“Recently developed, DisCrit addresses how 'the legacy of historical beliefs about race and ability, which were clearly based on white supremacy, have become intertwined in complex ways that carry into the present day' (Annamma, Connor, and Ferri 2013b, 2).”

• cites Annamma, Connor, and Ferri 2013bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Standardized tests reinforce white cultural knowledge, thus by design positioning students of color as inferior and reproducing racism through differential access to post-educational opportunities.

“Williams and Land (2006) went on to argue that such standardized tests reinforce white cultural knowledge, thus by design positioning students of color as inferior and reproducing racism through differential access to post-educational opportunities.”

• cites Williams and Land 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The fraud of color-blindness is the denial of racism as people of color live it.

“'The fraud of color-blindness is…. the denial of racism as … people of color live it' (Calmore 1997, 70-71).”

• cites Calmore 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Justice Harlan's conception of color-blindness both allows and requires judicial attention to the social and political forces through which race was made meaningful.

“By drawing on Justice Harlan's analysis of racial pride and cases beyond Plessy, Golub (2005) argued that Justice Harlan's conception of color-blindness both allows and requires judicial attention to the social and political forces through which race was made meaningful (593).”

• cites Golub 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Three arguments found in legal studies' theoretical expansions of Gotanda's work included color-blindness ideology's reliance on historical ignorance, social acceptance, and legal immorality.

“Three arguments found in legal studies' theoretical expansions of Gotanda's work included color-blindness ideology's reliance on historical ignorance, social acceptance, and legal immorality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Counter-narratives cannot stand alone but must be juxtaposed against the master-narratives.

“These counter-narratives cannot stand alone but must be juxtaposed against the master-narratives.”

May combine two claims.

Education outcomes in the U.S. illustrate that race matters, with racism impacting achievement, discipline, and special education status.

“Unfortunately, education outcomes in the U.S. illustrate that race does matter with racism impacting achievement, discipline, and special education status, to name just a few (Annamma, Morrison, and Jackson 2014;Berlak 2001;Fabelo et al. 2011).”

• cites Annamma, Morrison, and Jackson 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Berlak 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fabelo et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

People of color consistently have to contest the social acceptance of using racial slurs as complimentary representations, whereas white Americans are allowed to take pride in their ethnicity while maintaining white supremacy.

“In other words, people of color consistently have to contest the social acceptance of using racial slurs as complimentary representations, whereas white Americans are allowed to take pride in their ethnicity while maintaining white supremacy.”

• cites Calmore 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Gotanda's naming and critiquing of a color-blind racial ideology was necessary and useful in disrupting white supremacy.

“Therefore, Gotanda's (1991) naming and critiquing of a color-blind racial ideology was necessary and useful in disrupting white supremacy.”

• cites Gotanda 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Assuming dis/ability is an immutable fact disguises the social processes that position children of color as less than, making them more likely to be labeled with a dis/ability, and ignores the ways society dis/ables many people.

“In this case, assuming dis/ability is an immutable fact disguises the social processes that position children of color as less than making them more likely to be labeled with a dis/ability and ignores the ways society dis/ables many people (Kliewer, Biklen, and Kasa-Hendrickson, 2006).”

• cites Kliewer, Biklen, and Kasa-Hendrickson, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These terms are inherently problematic, as they do not accurately depict the problem of refusing to acknowledge race while simultaneously maintaining a deficit notion of people with disabilities.

“These terms are inherently problematic, as they do not accurately depict the problem of refusing to acknowledge race while simultaneously maintaining a deficit notion of people with disabilities (Watts and Erevelles 2004).”

• cites Watts and Erevelles 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The only way to resist master-narratives that pathologize bodies different from the ideal is to provide space for counter-narratives by oppressed people.

“Fourth, the only way to resist master-narratives that pathologize bodies different from the ideal is to provide space for counter-narratives by oppressed people.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Once branded, differences are viewed as deficits and marked as abnormal.

“Second, once branded, those differences are viewed as deficits and marked as abnormal.”

May combine two claims.

The term color-blind suggests a passive characteristic, but the refusal to notice color actively (re)inscribes racial stereotypes.

“This is not the passive characteristic that the term color-blind suggests; instead, this actively (re)inscribes racial stereotypes (Williams and Land 2006).”

• cites Williams and Land 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The same people who recognize race as a social construction often overlook that dis/ability labeling is the result of similar social processes, ignore the ways race and ability are socially constructed in tandem, and equate difference with deficit.

“The same people who recognize race as a social construction often overlook that dis/ability labeling is the result of similar (but not exactly the same) social processes, ignore the ways race and ability are socially constructed in tandem, and equate difference with deficit (Erevelles and Minear 2010).”

• cites Erevelles and Minear 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Race is a social construction.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Court's contemporary color-blindness more closely resembles the majority in Plessy than Justice Harlan's dissent.

“In contrast, the Court's contemporary color-blindness 'more closely resembles the majority in Plessy than Justice Harlan's dissent' (596).”

• cites Golub 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Like many other tools of white supremacy, color-blindness went from a mechanism to support the historically marginalized to a mechanism to suppress them, or from a tool for lifting up to a tool for keeping down.

“Like many other tools of white supremacy, color-blindness went from a mechanism to support the historically marginalized to a mechanism to suppress them, or from a tool for lifting up to a tool for keeping down (Haney-Lopez 2011).”

• cites Haney-Lopez 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A DisCrit conceptual framework recognizes that racism and ableism inform the racial ideology of color-blindness by locating (un)spoken norms, where differences are viewed as abnormal.

“A DisCrit conceptual framework recognized that racism and ableism inform the racial ideology of color-blindness by locating (un)spoken 10 norms, where differences are viewed as abnormal.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The underlying argument for the racial ideology of color-blindness is that everyone will be treated fairly if race was discounted.

“In other words, the underlying argument for the racial ideology of color-blindness is that everyone will be treated fairly if race was discounted.”

May combine two claims.

Along with color-evasion there also occurred a related power-evasion, but the authors argue that those are one and the same.

“Though Frankenberg argued that along with color-evasion there also occurred a related power-evasion, we argue that those are one and the same.”

• cites Frankenberg 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Expanding the racial ideology of color-blindness to color-evasiveness is not simply a commitment to updating language, but an opportunity to expose the (un)spoken norms thriving in the racial ideology of color-blindness.

“Expanding the racial ideology of color-blindness to color-evasiveness then is not simply a commitment to updating our language, but an opportunity to expose the (un)spoken norms thriving in the racial ideology of color-blindness.”

May combine two claims.

Those espousing a color-blind racial ideology are individually positioned as racially enlightened while simultaneously reproducing power and inequity in a system of white supremacy.

“Thus, those espousing a color-blind racial ideology are individually positioned as racially enlightened while simultaneously reproducing power and inequity in a system of white supremacy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

By expanding Gotanda's original racial ideology to color-evasiveness using an intersectional framework, the authors were able to address how people imagine race currently through color-blindness by exposing hidden norms and how a racial ideology of color-evasiveness provides more productive racial ideological dimensions while concurrently studying manifestations of race and racism through unpacked

“By expanding Gotanda's original racial ideology to color-evasiveness using an intersectional framework, we were able to address how people imagine race currently through color-blindness by exposing hidden norms”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Using the racial ideology of color-evasiveness directly calls into question the presupposed goodness of ignoring race.

“Using the racial ideology of color-evasiveness directly calls into question the presupposed goodness of ignoring race.”

May combine two claims.

It is not that whites have trained themselves not to notice color; instead, those in power often have 'selective engagement with difference rather than no difference at all'.

“In other words, it is not that whites have trained themselves not to notice color.Instead, those in power often have 'selective engagement with difference rather than no difference at all' (Frankenberg 1993, 143).”

• cites Frankenberg 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The racial ideology of color-evasiveness directly questions the goal of color-blindness-to become a society where race does not matter.

“Finally, the racial ideology of color-evasiveness directly questions the goal of color-blindness -to become a society where race does not matter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Color-blindness views people of color with dis/abilities and others that stand at the intersections of multiple identities as less than by those that subscribe to color-blindness.

“Views people of color with dis/abilities and others that | stand at the intersections of multiple identities as less | than by those that subscribe to color-blindness |”

May combine two claims.

Color-blind racial ideology was built within a commitment to white supremacy and (un)spoken norms.

“It is clear that color-blind racial ideology was built within a commitment to white supremacy and (un)spoken norms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Color-evasiveness as an expanded racial ideology acknowledges that to avoid talking about race is a way to willfully ignore the experiences of people of color, and makes the goal of erasure more fully discernible.

“Color-evasiveness as an expanded racial ideology acknowledges that to avoid talking about race is a way to willfully ignore the experiences of people of color, and makes the goal of erasure more fully discernible.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: People of color are always fighting the erasure of their lived experiences, their very right to exist.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Color-blindness utilizes dis/ability as a metaphor for lacking and equates blindness with ignorance.

“Color-blindness | utilizes dis/ability as a metaphor | for lacking and equates blindness | with ignorance |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The refusal to address race, and its corollary racism, should be conceived as color-evasiveness.

“For all the reasons listed above, we argue that the refusal to address race, and its corollary racism, should be conceived as color-evasiveness.”

May combine two claims.

Racism has been built into the foundations of the country when Blacks were considered three-fifths of a person, and native people were considered cannon fodder.

“Racism has been built into the foundations of the country when Blacks were considered three-fifths of a person, and native people were considered cannon fodder (Tyack 1973).”

• cites Tyack 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

It is the systemic violence of racism that impacts our daily lives, not just through individuals but also through institutions.

“It is the systemic violence of racism that impacts our daily lives, not just through individuals but also through institutions.”

May combine two claims.

Racism is multimodal and not limited to one modality; it is informed by visuals, graphic, text, speech, and audio.

“However, racism is multimodal and is not limited to only one modality.”

• Also stated in: § Color-evasiveness: expanding a color-blind racial ideology · plain

  “In other words, racism is informed by visuals, graphic, text, speech, and audio (Lopez 2015).”

• cites Lopez 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Naming the ideology of refusing to recognize racial difference as color-evasiveness allows for a sense of temporality, conceding the evasion of systemic racism has allowed inequities to be perpetuated throughout history.

“Alternatively, naming the ideology of refusing to recognize racial difference as color-evasiveness allows for a sense of temporality, conceding the evasion of systemic racism has allowed inequities to be perpetuated throughout history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The shift to color-evasiveness allows for both comprehensively situating the conceptualization and critique of color-blindness as well as thoughtfully considering how to move the underlying ideology forward expansively.

“The shift to color-evasiveness allows for both comprehensively situating the conceptualization and critique of color-blindness as well as thoughtfully considering how to move the underlying ideology forward expansively.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Justice Harlan's conceptualization of a color-blind racial ideology ignored the historical underpinnings of racism that had been written into the law, the social construction of race, and the social and material consequences of racism.

“Justice Harlan's conceptualization of a color-blind racial ideology ignored the historical underpinnings of racism that had been written into the law”

• cites Golub 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source