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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Cognitive Correlates of Bilingualism
Abstract
A number of studies have documented the cognitive outcomes associated with bilingualism. To gain a clear understanding of the extent and diversity of these cognitive outcomes, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of studies that examined the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Data from 63 studies (involving 6,022 participants) were extracted and analyzed following established protocols and procedures for conducting systematic reviews and guidelines for meta-analysis. Results indicate that bilingualism is reliably associated with several cognitive outcomes, including increased attentional control, working memory, metalinguistic awareness, and abstract and symbolic representation skills. Overall mean effect sizes varied from small to large, depending on the cognitive outcomes measured, and were moderated by methodological features of the studies.
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“Possibly, this can be attributed to the recruitment of L1 vocabulary (Ramirez et al., 2010) as well as enhanced metalinguistic awareness (Adesope et al., 2010) and good decoding skills (Raudszus et al., 2018).”
From Use of morphological and contextual cues in children’s lexical inferencing in L1 and L2 (2021) · cites this paper as Adesope et al., 2010
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The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience
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Intelligent tutoring systems and learning outcomes: A meta-analysis
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Metadata
- Authors
- Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- Directions Evidence and Policy Research Group
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Adesope, Olusola O.
- Venue
- Review of Educational Research
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-245
- ISSN
- 0034-6543 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1046
- OpenAlex
- W2112507528
- Cited by
- 1,132
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Multilingual Education and Policy
- Keywords
- bilingualism, cognitive correlates, attentional control, working memory, metalinguistic awareness, cognitive benefits of bilingualism, effect size
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