Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.
Open accessAbstract
Ninety-six participants, who were younger (20 years) or older (68 years) adults and either monolingual or bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, and executive control. Younger participants performed most of the tasks better than older participants, confirming the effect of aging on these processes. The effect of language group was different for each type of task: Monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly on working memory tasks, monolinguals performed better on lexical retrieval tasks, and bilinguals performed better on executive control tasks, with some evidence for larger language group differences in older participants on the executive control tasks. These results replicate findings from individual studies obtained using only 1 type of task and different participants. The confirmation of this pattern in the same participants is discussed in terms of a suggested explanation of how the need to manage 2 language systems leads to these different outcomes for cognitive and linguistic functions.
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Bilinguals display consistent deficits on verbal fluency measures, especially semantic fluency, even if they may answer in either language.
“Performance on these tasks reveals systematic deficits for bilingual participants, particularly in semantic fluency conditions [33–37], even if responses can be provided in either language [38].”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [33]
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The Bilingual Advantage Debate
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- Authors
- Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Rotman Research Institute (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 859-873
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W2144440751
- Semantic Scholar
- 2db0c6e9b5e6c25d0b0340d76ecef4edd7d5fe8f
- Cited by
- 925
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 14.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2009-04-20)
- Open access
- green
- nrs.harvard.edu
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-57842)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- bilingualism, aging, cognitive control, executive function, word retrieval, lexical access, working memory, older adults, monolinguals, bilingual advantage
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Vocabulary, Multilingualism
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