The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Problematic Internet addiction or excessive Internet use is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding computer use and Internet access that lead to impairment or distress. Currently, there is no recognition of internet addiction within the spectrum of addictive disorders and, therefore, no corresponding diagnosis. It has, however, been proposed for inclusion in the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on Internet addiction over the topics of diagnosis, phenomenology, epidemiology, and treatment. METHODS: Review of published literature between 2000-2009 in Medline and PubMed using the term "internet addiction. RESULTS: Surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated prevalence rate between 1.5% and 8.2%, although the diagnostic criteria and assessment questionnaires used for diagnosis vary between countries. Cross-sectional studies on samples of patients report high comorbidity of Internet addiction with psychiatric disorders, especially affective disorders (including depression), anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several factors are predictive of problematic Internet use, including personality traits, parenting and familial factors, alcohol use, and social anxiety. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Although Internet-addicted individuals have difficulty suppressing their excessive online behaviors in real life, little is known about the patho-physiological and cognitive mechanisms responsible for Internet addiction. Due to the lack of methodologically adequate research, it is currently impossible to recommend any evidence-based treatment of Internet addiction.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One explanation for the results might be that people with behavioral addictions often come into conflict with others due to their behavior (Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010), which would directly conflict with some of the basic features of Agreeableness, such as being likeable, pleasant, and emphasizing harmony in relations with others (Graziano & Tobin, 2009).”
From The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality (2013) · cites this paper as Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010
In the citing paper
“Excessive computer/videogame users may experience feelings of tension, dysphoria, or anxiety when not engaged in computer use, akin to a withdrawal state (Weinstein and Lejoyeux, 2010).”
From Reciprocal associations between screen time and emotional disorder symptoms during adolescence (2019) · cites this paper as Weinstein and Lejoyeux, 2010
In the citing paper
“On one hand, it may be plausible to postulate that self-esteem is negatively associated with SNSs excessive use and addiction; existing research has identified low self-esteem as a risk factor for Internet-related addiction (Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010).”
From Till logout do us part? Comparison of factors predicting excessive social network sites use and addiction between Singaporean adolescents and adults (2017) · cites this paper as Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010
In the citing paper
“Similarly, alcohol use was established as a predictor of internet overuse by a different research group [23].”
From Measuring Experiential Avoidance: Evidence toward Multidimensional Predictors of Trauma Sequelae (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
Cites
Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction
Block, J. J. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101556 · Cited by 1,385
Internet Addiction: A New Clinical Phenomenon and Its Consequences
Young, K. S. (2004) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764204270278 · Cited by 1,088
The psychometric properties of the Internet addiction test
Widyanto, L., & McMurran, M. (2004) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2004.7.443 · Cited by 1,073
The compulsive internet use scale (CIUS): some psychometric properties
Meerkerk, G.-J., Van Den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Vermulst, A. A., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0181 · Cited by 989
Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use
Caplan, S. E. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9963 · Cited by 948
Shaw, M. C., & Black, D. W. (2008) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001 · Cited by 898
Journal of Affective Disorders
Flint, A. J., & Rifat, S. L. (1996) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(96)00074-2 · Cited by 864
Yen, J.-Y., Ko, C.-H., Yen, C.-F., Wu, H.-Y., & Yang, M.-J. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.002 · Cited by 817
Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M.-Y., Yeun, E.-J., Choi, S.-Y., Seo, J.-S., & Nam, B.-W. (2006) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005 · Cited by 790
Internet over-users' psychological profiles: a behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction
Whang, L. S.-M., Lee, S., & Chang, G. (2003) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493103321640338 · Cited by 695
Niemz, K., Griffiths, M. D., & Banyard, P. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562 · Cited by 678
Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Internet Addicts: Treatment Outcomes and Implications
Young, K. S. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9971 · Cited by 668
Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction
Ko, C.-H., Liu, G.-C., Hsiao, S., Yen, J.-Y., Yang, M.-J., Lin, W.-C., Yen, C.-F., & Chen, C.-S. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.09.012 · Cited by 666 · cited 9×
“Internet addiction and impulsivity were associated with adult ADHD, and the association between attention deficit and Internet addiction was more significant among female Taiwanese college students (42).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFactors associated with Internet addiction among adolescents
Lam, L. T., Peng, Z.-W., Mai, J.-C., & Jing, J. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0036 · Cited by 531
Predictive Values of Psychiatric Symptoms for Internet Addiction in Adolescents
Ko, C., Yen, J., Chen, C., Yeh, Y., & Yen, C. (2009) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.159 · Cited by 502
Internet Addiction: A Review of Current Assessment Techniques and Potential Assessment Questions
Beard, K. W. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.7 · Cited by 487
Internet Addiction: Metasynthesis of 1996–2006 Quantitative Research
Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Mills, J. E., Douglas, A. C., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S. O., Lee, S. K., Loutfi, J., Lee, J.-K., Atallah, M., et al. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0102 · Cited by 483
The relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents
Cao, F., Su, L., Liu, T., & Gao, X. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.004 · Cited by 454
Problematic Internet use or Internet addiction?
Yellowlees, P., & Marks, S. L. (2005) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.05.004 · Cited by 453
Depression and Internet Addiction in Adolescents
Ha, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Bae, S. C., Bae, S., Kim, H., Sim, M., Lyoo, I. K., & Cho, S. C. (2007) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000107426 · Cited by 453
Park, S. K., Kim, J. Y., & Cho, C. B. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 421
Internet addiction: a descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms
Bernardi, S., & Pallanti, S. (2009) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.011 · Cited by 421
Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.2.563 · Cited by 409
Ko, C., Yen, J., Yen, C., Lin, H., & Yang, M. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9992 · Cited by 408
Psychological Characteristics of Compulsive Internet Use: A Preliminary Analysis
Greenfield, D. N. (1999) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1999.2.403 · Cited by 372
The risk factors of Internet addiction—A survey of university freshmen
Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., Yeh, T. L., Shih, C.-C., Chen, K. C., Yang, Y. C., & Yang, Y. K. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.015 · Cited by 368
Internet overuse and excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents
Choi, K., Son, H., Park, M., Han, J.-K., Kim, K., Lee, B., & Gwak, H. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01925.x · Cited by 363
Jensen, J. (2005) · SecEd · doi:10.12968/sece.2005.4.415 · Cited by 362
Ko, C., Yen, J., Liu, S., Huang, C.-F., & Yen, C. (2009) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011 · Cited by 359
Proposed Diagnostic Criteria of Internet Addiction for Adolescents
Ko, C., Yen, J., Chen, C., Chen, S., & Yen, C. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000185891.13719.54 · Cited by 355
Han, D. H., Lee, Y. S., Na, C., Ahn, J. Y., Chung, U., Daniels, M. A., Haws, C. A., & Renshaw, P. F. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.08.011 · Cited by 355
Internet Addiction and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Korean Adolescents
Jang, K.-S., Hwang, S. Y., & Choi, J. Y. (2008) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00279.x · Cited by 338
Quality of Interpersonal Relationships and Problematic Internet Use in Adolescence
Milani, L., Osualdella, D., & Blasio, P. D. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0071 · Cited by 322
Factors Influencing Internet Addiction in a Sample of Freshmen University Students in China
Ni, X., Yan, H., Chen, S., & Liu, Z. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0321 · Cited by 303
Yen, J.-Y., Yen, C.-F., Chen, C.-S., Tang, T.-C., & Ko, C.-H. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0113 · Cited by 297
Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review
Dell’Osso, B., Altamura, A. C., Allen, A., Marazziti, D., & Hollander, E. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0 · Cited by 272
A Study of Internet Addiction through the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
Liu, C.-Y., & Kuo, F. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9951 · Cited by 266
Tridimensional personality of adolescents with Internet addiction and substance use experience
Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Chen, C.-C., Chen, S.-H., Wu, K., & Yen, C.-F. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605101404 · Cited by 265
Kwon, J., Chung, C.-S., & Lee, J. (2009) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9236-1 · Cited by 258
Ko, C., Yen, J., Yen, C., Chen, C., Weng, C., & Chen, C. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0199 · Cited by 253
Should DSM-V Designate "Internet Addiction" a Mental Disorder?
Pies, R. W. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 253
Internet use by the socially fearful: addiction or therapy?
Campbell, A. J., Cumming, S. R., & Hughes, I. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.69 · Cited by 249
Yen, C., Ko, C., Yen, J., Chang, Y., & Cheng, C. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01969.x · Cited by 222
Ko, C., Hsiao, S., Liu, G., Yen, J., Yang, M., & Yen, C. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.004 · Cited by 221
Yen, J., Ko, C., Yen, C., Chen, C., & Chen, C. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01943.x · Cited by 207
Pallanti, S., Bernardi, S., & Quercioli, L. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900015157 · Cited by 200
Depression like characteristics of 5HTTLPR polymorphism and temperament in excessive internet users
Lee, Y. S., Han, D. H., Yang, K. C., Daniels, M. A., Na, C., Kee, B. S., & Renshaw, P. F. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.020 · Cited by 188
[Validation of two brief scales for Internet addiction and mobile phone problem use].
Fargues, M. B., Lusar, A. C., Jordana, C. G., & Carbonell, X. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 183
Extraversion, Impulsivity, and Online Group Membership as Predictors of Problematic Internet Use
Mottram, A. J., & Fleming, M. J. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0170 · Cited by 168
Τσίτσικα, Ά., Critselis, E., Kormas, G., Filippopoulou, A., Tounissidou, D., Freskou, A., Spiliopoulou, T., Louizou, A., Konstantoulaki, E., & Kafetzis, D. A. (2008) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-008-0811-1 · Cited by 162
Attached to the web — harmful use of the Internet and its correlates
Korkeila, J. A., Kaarlas, S., Jääskeläinen, M., Vahlberg, T. J., & Taiminen, T. J. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.02.008 · Cited by 160
Decision-making and prepotent response inhibition functions in excessive internet users
Sun, D.-L., Chen, Z.-J., Ma, N., Zhang, X.-C., Fu, X.-M., & Zhang, D.-R. (2009) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900000225 · Cited by 143 · cited 1×
“They showed better performance on a Go/no-go task, suggesting some dissociation between mechanisms of decisionmaking and those of prepotent response inhibition (55).”
MethodInternet Use, Abuse, and Dependence Among Students at a Southeastern Regional University
Fortson, B. L., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y., Malone, J., & Ben, K. S. D. (2007) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.56.2.137-146 · Cited by 143
Berardis, D. D., D'Albenzio, A., Gambi, F., Sepede, G., Valchera, A., Conti, C. M., Fulcheri, M., Cavuto, M., Ortolani, C., Salerno, R. M., et al. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0108 · Cited by 143
Internet Addiction and Interpersonal Problems in Korean Adolescents
Seo, M., Kang, H. S., & Yom, Y. (2009) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncn.0b013e3181a91b3f · Cited by 141
Evaluation of an Internet addiction treatment program for Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.
Shek, D. T. L., Tang, V. M. Y., & Lo, C.-P. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 135
Excessive computer usage in adolescents – a psychometric evaluation
Grüsser, S. M., Thalemann, R., Albrecht, U., & Thalemann, C. N. (2005) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-005-0339-6 · Cited by 112
[Validation of two brief scales for Internet addiction and mobile phone problem use].
Fargues, M. B., Lusar, A. C., Jordana, C. G., & Carbonell, X. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 85
Petersen, K., Weymann, N., Schelb, Y., Thiel, R., & Thomasius, R. (2009) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1109361 · Cited by 81
TOSUN, L. P., & Lajunen, T. J. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0006 · Cited by 79
Treatment of Compulsive Cybersex Behavior
Southern, S. (2008) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.003 · Cited by 60
Ist „Internetsucht” eine eigenständige Erkrankung?
Kratzer, S., & Hegerl, U. (2007) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/s-2007-970888 · Cited by 56
Internetabhängigkeit als ein Symptom depressiver Störungen
Wildt, B. T. T., Putzig, I., Zedler, M., & Ohlmeier, M. D. (2007) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/s-2007-970973 · Cited by 51
Cho, S.-C., Kim, J., Kim, B., Lee, J., & Kim, E.-H. (2008) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0285 · Cited by 48
A Study of Factors that Influence Internet Addiction, Smoking, and Drinking in High School Students
June, K. J., Sohn, S. Y., So, A., Yi, G., & Park, S. (2007) · Daehan ganho haghoeji · doi:10.4040/jkan.2007.37.6.872 · Cited by 41
Glücksspiel- und Internetsucht
Wölfling, K., Bühler, M., Leménager, T., Mörsen, C. P., & Mann, K. F. (2009) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-009-2741-1 · Cited by 33
Yan-xia, D., Hu, M., Hu, G., Wang, L.-S., & Sun, Z. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 30
An open-label trial of escitalopram in the treatment of impulsive-compulsive internet usage disorder
Osso, B. D., Altamura, A. C., Hadley, S. J., Baker, B., & Hollander, E. (2006) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(06)80097-0 · Cited by 22
Learning by Doing: ‘Initiated Abstinence’, a School-Based Programme for the Prevention of Addiction
Kalke, J., & Raschke, P. (2004) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000076119 · Cited by 11
Weymann, N., Schelb, Y., Thiel, R., & Thomasius, R. (2009) · Cited by 7
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Kwon JH, 2009, Community Ment Health J
- Pies R, 2009, Psychiatry (Edgmont), 6, 31
- Beranuy Fargues M, 2009, Psicothema, 21, 480
- Deng YX, 2007, Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 28, 445
- Park SK, 2008, Adolescence, 43, 895
- June KJ, 2007, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 37, 872
- Shek DT, 2009, Adolescence, 44, 359
- 10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 · Cited by 2,416
“…term in international publications (e.g., Brand et al., 014a,b; Chou et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2013b; Douglas et al., 2008; riffiths, 1999; Hansen, 2002; Kuss and Griffiths, 2011a; Kuss et al., 014; Weinstein and Lejoyeux, 2010; Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006; oung, 1998, 2004; Young et al., 2011).”
DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale
Hasin, D. S., O’Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., Compton, W. M., Crowley, T., Ling, W., Petry, N. M., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782 · Cited by 1,622
Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior
van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039 · Cited by 1,031
The social media disorder scale
van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Lemmens, J. S., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.038 · Cited by 948
“…2013; Yen, Ko, Yen, Wu, & Yang, 2007), loneliness (Caplan, 2007; Odaci & Kalkan, 2010; Van Rooij et al., 2015), attention de fi cit (Dalbudak & Evren, 2014; Van Rooij et al., 2015; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010; Yen et al., 2007), and impulsivity (Dalbudak & Evren, 2014; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013).”
The Association between Pathological Internet Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Systematic Review
Carli, V., Durkee, T., Wasserman, D., Hadlaczky, G., Despalins, R., Kramarz, E., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C. W., Brunner, R., et al. (2013) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000337971 · Cited by 639
Metadata
- Authors
- Weinstein, A., & Lejoyeux, M.
- Affiliations
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Weinstein, Aviv
- Venue
- The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-06-15
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 277-283
- ISSN
- 0095-2990 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-9891
- OpenAlex
- W2107943815
- Cited by
- 929
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 19.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- internet addiction, excessive internet use, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, social anxiety, personality traits, alcohol consumption, treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Comorbidity, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
