Internet Addiction: A Review of Current Assessment Techniques and Potential Assessment Questions
Abstract
The concept of Internet addiction has been proposed as an explanation for uncontrollable and damaging use of the Internet. Symptoms of excessive Internet use have been compared to the criteria used to diagnose other addictions such as pathological gambling. Although criteria to diagnose this problem have been proposed, methods of assessing excessive Internet use are limited. A structured interview based on the criteria proposed by Beard and Wolf is proposed to aid in the assessment of "Internet addiction." This, in turn, could aid in the diagnosis and intervention of a client who enters treatment reporting difficulties with excessive Internet use.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studies estimating the prevalence of Internet addiction in the general population are uncommon.
“Prevalence studies of Internet addiction in the general population are rare.”
From Occurence of Internet addiction in a general population sample: A Latent Class Analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Only two studies have used general population samples to estimate Internet addiction.
“Only two studies used general population samples.”
From Occurence of Internet addiction in a general population sample: A Latent Class Analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Only two studies on prevalence estimates have used a general population approach.
“Only two studies on prevalence estimates have used a general population approach.”
From Occurence of Internet addiction in a general population sample: A Latent Class Analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Cites
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R. E., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V. A., Kiesler, S. B., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. L. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,830 · see citing works
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,793 · see citing works
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY
Dunton, W. R. (1944) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.100.6.45 · Cited by 3,849 · see citing works
Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication
Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. W. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.10.1123 · Cited by 2,630 · see citing works
Caplan, S. E. (2002) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00004-3 · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
Psychology of Computer Use: XL. Addictive Use of the Internet: A Case That Breaks the Stereotype
Young, K. S. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.899 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Modification in the Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Internet Addiction
Beard, K. W., & Wolf, E. (2001) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493101300210286 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Self-citationParks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Addiction: definition and implications
GOODMAN, A. (1990) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01620.x · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A. (2002) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493102760275581 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Internet Addiction on Campus: The Vulnerability of College Students
KANDELL, J. J. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.11 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00176.x · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: prevalence and psychological features
Cao, F., & Su, L. (2006) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00715.x · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions
Orford, J. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Griffiths, M., & University of Plymouth (1995) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.1995.1.76.14 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Behavioural (non‐chemical) addictions
Marks, I. M. (1990) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01618.x · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Jensen, J. (2005) · SecEd · doi:10.12968/sece.2005.4.415 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
College Life On-Line: Healthy and Unhealthy Internet Use.
Scherer, K. (1997) · Journal of college student development · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review
Dell’Osso, B., Altamura, A. C., Allen, A., Marazziti, D., & Hollander, E. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Familial influences on gambling behavior: an analysis of 3359 twin pairs
Eisen, S. A., Lyons, M. J., Scherrer, J. F., Griffith, K., True, W. R., Goldberg, J. H., & Tsuang, M. T. (1998) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93913758.x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF AN ELECTRONIC BAR
Correll, S. J. (1995) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/089124195024003002 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Treating substance abuse: theory and technique
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-5751 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Davis, C. H., & Winn, M. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584524 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Computer friends and foes: Content of undergraduates' electronic mail
McCormick, N. B., & McCormick, J. W. (1992) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(92)90031-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Junk-time junkies: An emerging addiction among students.
Soper, W. B., & Miller, M. J. (1983) · The School counselor · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Constructing the Self in a Mediated World
Grodin, D., & Lindlof, T. R. (1996) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483327488 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Increasing motivation for change.
Miller, W. R. (1995) · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Internet addiction: current status and implications for employees
Beard, K. W. (2002) · Journal of Employment Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1920.2002.tb00503.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychology of Computer Use: XLIII. Some Comments on ‘Addictive Use of the Internet’ by Young
Griffiths, M. D. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.81 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dual diagnosis of major mental illness and substance disorder
Minkoff, K. (1991) · Jossey-Bass eBooks · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cooper, A. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203890349 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Parallel Lives: Working on Identity in Virtual Space
Turkle, S. (1996) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483327488.n10 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Personality factors in human-computer interaction: A review of the literature
Pocius, K. E. (1991) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(91)90002-i · Cited by 85 · see citing works
D2 dopamine receptor and GABAA receptor β3 subunit genes and alcoholism
Noble, E. P., Zhang, X., Ritchie, T. L., Lawford, B. R., Grosser, S. C., Young, R. M., & Sparkes, R. S. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00084-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Modern Disease Models of Alcoholism and Other Chemical Dependencies: The New Biopsychosocial Models
Wallace, J. (1993) · Drugs & Society · doi:10.1300/j023v08n01_03 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Belsare, T. J., Gaffney, G., & Black, D. W. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.2.289a · Cited by 25 · see citing works
PSYCHOLOGY OF COMPUTER USE: XLHI. SOME COMMENTS ON 'ADDICTIVE USE OF THE INTERNET' BY YOUNG
Griffiths, M. D. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.80.1.81-82 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Motivational interviewing in practice: A structured approach.
Bell, A., & Rollnick, S. (1996) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Web of Internet Dependency: Search Results for the Mental Health Professional
Gray, J. B., & Gray, N. D. (2006) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-006-9034-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Assessment of Internet Addiction and Comorbidities
Ahn, D. H. (2006) · Journal of the Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2006.49.3.215 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Online Social Networking and Addiction—A Review of the Psychological Literature
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8093528 · Cited by 2,038 · see citing works
“Conceivably, self-reports may be supplemented with structured clinical interviews [123] and further case study evidence as well as supplementary reports from the users’ significant others.”
BackgroundDevelopment of a Facebook Addiction Scale
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.09.18.pr0.110.2.501-517 · Cited by 1,884 · see citing works
Internet addiction: a systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade
Kuss, D., Griffiths, M., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990617 · Cited by 1,374 · see citing works
Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use
Weinstein, A., & Lejoyeux, M. (2010) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491880 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Cell-phone addiction: a review
De-Sola Gutiérrez, J., Rodríguez de Fonseca, F., & Rubio, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00175 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online?
Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Anne Tolan, G., & Marrington, J. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Meerkerk, G.-J., Vermulst, A. A., Spijkerman, R., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.655 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors
Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Binder, J. F. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.024 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of internet addiction
Pan, Y.-C., Chiu, Y.-C., & Lin, Y.-H. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.013 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Internet addiction: a brief summary of research and practice
Cash, H., D. Rae, C., H. Steel, A., & Winkler, A. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340012803520513 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
“The theory is that individuals with this predisposition do not have an adequate number of dopamine receptors or have an insufficient amount of serotonin/dopamine [2], thereby having difficulty experiencing normal levels of pleasure in activities that most people would find rewarding.”
InfluentialDemetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.2.563 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Treatment of internet addiction: a meta-analysis
Winkler, A., Dörsing, B., Rief, W., Shen, Y., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.005 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Hormes, J. M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C. A. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12713 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Microstructure Abnormalities in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder
Yuan, K., Qin, W., Wang, G., Zeng, F., Zhao, L., Yang, X., Liu, P., Liu, J., Sun, J., von Deneen, K. M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020708 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Khang, H., Kim, J. K., & Kim, Y. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.027 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Azizi, S. M., Soroush, A., & Khatony, A. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0305-0 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Widyanto, L., Griffiths, M. D., & Brunsden, V. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0151 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Dong, G., DeVito, E. E., Du, X., & Cui, Z. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.001 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Leung, H., Pakpour, A. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y.-C., Tsai, M.-C., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C.-Y., & Chen, I.-H. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.027 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review
Dell’Osso, B., Altamura, A. C., Allen, A., Marazziti, D., & Hollander, E. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Moqbel, M., & Kock, N. (2018) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2017.05.001 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Weinstein, A., Curtiss Feder, L., Rosenberg, K. P., & Dannon, P. (2014) · Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407724-9.00005-7 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Dopamine genes and reward dependence in adolescents with excessive Internet video game play
Han, D. H., Lee, Y. S., Yang, K. C., Kim, E. Y., Lyoo, I. K., & Renshaw, P. F. (2007) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e31811f465f · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Yan, W., Li, Y., & Sui, N. (2014) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2490 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Koronczai, B., Urbán, R., Kökönyei, G., Paksi, B., Papp, K., Kun, B., Arnold, P., Kállai, J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0345 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Occurence of Internet addiction in a general population sample: A Latent Class Analysis
Rumpf, H.-J., Vermulst, A. A., Bischof, A., Kastirke, N., Gürtler, D., Bischof, G., Meerkerk, G.-J., John, U., & Meyer, C. (2014) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000354321 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: The effect of parental behavior and self-control
Li, C., Dang, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., & Guo, J. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.001 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Restrepo, A., Scheininger, T., Clucas, J., Alexander, L., Salum, G. A., Georgiades, K., Paksarian, D., Merikangas, K. R., & Milham, M. P. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02640-x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Yuan, G., & Yao, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048961 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Mondal, A., & Kumar, M. (2018) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_61_17 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Moretta, T., Buodo, G., Demetrovics, Z., & Potenza, M. N. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152286 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Zhu, H., Li, C., & Wang, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00288 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A typology of user liability to IT addiction
Vaghefi, I., Lapointe, L., & Boudreau‐Pinsonneault, C. (2017) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12098 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Internet addiction and its facets: the role of genetics and the relation to self-directedness
Hahn, E., Reuter, M., Spinath, F. M., & Montag, C. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.018 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Is Smartphone Usage Truly Smart? A Qualitative Investigation of IT Addictive Behaviors
Lapointe, L., Boudreau-Pinsonneault, C., & Vaghefi, I. (2013) · 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2013.367 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Odacı, H. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.011 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Predictors of problematic social media use: personality and life-position indicators
Sheldon, P., Antony, M. G., & Sykes, B. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120934706 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sinha, N. K., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., & Priyadarshi, P. (2021) · IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review · doi:10.1177/2277975220965346 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Beard, K. W.
- Affiliations
- Marshall University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beard, Keith W.
- ORCID
- Beard, Keith W.
- Venue
- CyberPsychology & Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-14
- ISSN
- 1094-9313 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8364
- OpenAlex
- W2092083003
- Cited by
- 487
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 43.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CyberPsychology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- internet addiction, excessive internet use, assessment instruments, structured interviews, diagnostic criteria, gambling addiction, addiction diagnosis, therapeutic interventions
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Interview, Psychological, Surveys and Questionnaires, Behavior, Addictive, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review