Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with high-density EEG in altered states of consciousness
Abstract
Background This review discusses the advantages of transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with high-density electroencephalography (TMS-hdEEG) over other current techniques of brain imaging. Methods and results Its application was reviewed, focusing particularly on disorders of consciousness, in the perspective of recent theories of consciousness. Assessment of non-communicative patients with disorders of consciousness remains a clinical challenge and objective measures of the level of consciousness are still needed. Current theories suggest that a key requirement for consciousness is the brain's capacity to rapidly integrate information across different specialized cortical areas. TMS-EEG allows the stimulation of any given cortical area and the recording of the immediate electrical cortical response. This technique has recently been successfully employed to measure changes in brain complexity under physiological, pharmacological and pathological conditions. Conclusions This suggests that TMS-EEG is a reliable tool to discriminate between conscious and unconscious patients at the single subject level. Future works are needed to validate and implement this technique as a clinical tool.
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It is probable that there are transformations available within the brain wherein or is fixed but oi varies.
“That is, it is probable that there are transformations (as in Equation (9)) available within the brain wherein or is fixed but oi varies.”
From Falsification and consciousness (2021) · cites this paper as Napolitani et al. 2014
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Napolitani, M., Bodart, O., Canali, P., Seregni, F., Casali, A., Laureys, S., Rosanova, M., Massimini, M., & Gosseries, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gosseries, Olivia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Injury
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1180-1189
- ISSN
- 0269-9052 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-301X
- OpenAlex
- W2046301527
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 0.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Injury (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS-EEG, disorders of consciousness, level of consciousness assessment, theory of consciousness, brain complexity, non-communicative patients
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Consciousness Disorders, Electroencephalography, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome, Recovery of Function, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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