Cortical reactivity and effective connectivity during REM sleep in humans
Open accessAbstract
We recorded the electroencephalographic (EEG) responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during the first rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episode of the night and we compared them with the responses obtained during previous wakefulness and NREM sleep. Confirming previous findings, upon falling into NREM sleep, cortical activations became more local and stereotypical, indicating a significant impairment of the intracortical dialogue. During REM sleep, a state in which subjects regain consciousness but are almost paralyzed, TMS triggered more widespread and differentiated patterns of cortical activation, that were similar to the ones observed in wakefulness. Similarly, TMS/hd-EEG may be used to probe the internal dialogue of the thalamocortical system in brain injured patients that are unable to move and communicate.
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Several prefrontal and parietal cortical areas are deactivated in REM sleep, including areas important for directing and sustaining top-down attention to sensory cortices.
“As we have seen, several prefrontal and parietal cortical areas are deactivated in REM sleep, including areas important for directing and sustaining top-down attention to sensory cortices.”
From Consciousness and sleep (2024) · cites this paper as [160]
The Results (page unavailable) describe TMS-evoked responses during REM sleep, but do not identify deactivated prefrontal or parietal areas. Searches for regional deactivation and top-down attention found no passage in our copy addressing those claims; the Discussion (page unavailable) only refers generally to functional neuroimaging of sleep. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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- Authors
- Massimini, M., Ferrarelli, F., Murphy, M. J., Huber, R., Riedner, B. A., Casarotto, S., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Tononi, G.
- Venue
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-08-18
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 176-183
- ISSN
- 1758-8928 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-8936
- PMC
- PMC2930263
- OpenAlex
- W2007400818
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 10.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD000579)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- REM sleep, NREM sleep, cortical reactivity, effective connectivity, transcranial magnetic stimulation, EEG, thalamocortical system, brain injury
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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