Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

Björntorp, Per

doi:10.3109/07853899209166997

Cited by 233Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

Björntorp, Per·1992·Annals of Medicine

DOI 10.3109/07853899209166997

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abdominal obesity in man is an integrated part of the Metabolic Syndrome, and is associated with a complex neuroendocrine disturbance. Its consequences for the metabolism of the periphery seems to be insulin resistance caused by a combination of a relative hypercortisolaemia and a relative deficiency of sex steroid hormones. This hormonal aberration, in combination with a relative insufficiency of growth hormone secretion, might also direct depot triglycerides to visceral adipose tissues, a consequence at least partly due to varying densities of the specific receptors for these hormones. Visceral fat accumulation may thus be a consequence of the neuroendocrine aberrations, and may amplify the metabolic symptoms via effects on the liver of free fatty acids released in abundance from the lipolytically sensitive enlarged visceral fat depots. The origin of the neuroendocrine disturbance is not known, but epidemiological and cross-sectional information suggest that psychosocial factors are intimately involved. Animal and human studies indicate that the mediating factor(s) may be stress-sensitivity, leading to the neuroendocrine consequences observed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3109/07853899209166997

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Recent studies suggest that visceral adiposity may play an important role in causing hepatic insulin resistance through release of fatty acids and adipocytokines to the liver via the portal vein.
“Recent studies have also suggested that visceral adiposity may play an important role in causing hepatic insulin resistance through its release of fatty acids and adipocytokines to the liver via the portal vein (28-31).”
From Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men (2006) · cites this paper as [30]

"Portal" adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Björntorp, P. A. (1990) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.10.4.493 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH.
Bengtsson, B. Å., Edén, S., Lönn, L., Kvist, H., Stokland, A. M., Lindstedt, G., Bosaeus, I. G., Tölli, J., Sjöström, L., & Isaksson, O. G. P. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.2.8432773 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat distribution in obese premenopausal women
Mårin, P., Darin, N., Amemiya, T., Andersson, B., Jern, S., & Björntorp, P. (1992) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(92)90171-6 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adipose tissue distribution and function.
Carmelli, D., McElroy, M. R., & Rosenman, R. H. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Visceral fat accumulation: the missing link between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease?
Björntorp, P. A. (1991) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00431.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citation
Muscle and adipose tissue morphology and metabolism in Cushing's syndrome.
Rebuffé-Scrive, M., Krotkiewski, M., Elfverson, J., & Björntorp, P. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-67-6-1122 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citation
Abdominal Fat Distribution and Disease: An Overview of Epidemiological Data
Björntorp, P. A. (1992) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899209164140 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citation
Obesity: Towards a molecular approach
(1989) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.240410905 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Psychosocial mechanisms of primary hypertension
Henry, J. P., & Grim, C. E. (1990) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199009000-00001 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Metabolic abnormalities in visceral obesity
Björntorp, P. (1992) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899209164137 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome
Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsén, B., Lahti, K., Nissén, M., Taskinen, M.-R., & Groop, L. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.683 · Cited by 4,760 · see citing works
Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: An Update
Després, J.-P. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.067264 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease,,,
Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Augustin, L. S., Franceschi, S., Hamidi, M., Marchie, A., Jenkins, A. L., & Axelsen, M. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.266s · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Steinberger, J., Daniels, S. R., Eckel, R. H., Hayman, L. L., Lustig, R. H., McCrindle, B. W., & Mietus‐Snyder, M. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.191394 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Energy balance and cancer: the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I
Kaaks, R., & Lukanova, A. (2001) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns200070 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue Quantification by Imaging Methods: A Proposed Classification
Shen, W., Wang, Z., Punyanita, M., Lei, J., Sınav, A., Kral, J. G., Imielińska, C., Ross, R., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.3 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
The inflammatory response is an integral part of the stress response: implications for atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome X
Black, P. H. (2003) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00048-5 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study.
Lemieux, I., Lamarche, B., Couillard, C., Pascot, A., Cantin, B., Bergeron, J., Dagenais, G., & Despres, J. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.22.2685 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
A Path Model of Chronic Stress, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Coronary Heart Disease
Vitaliano, P. P., Scanlan, J. M., Zhang, J., Savage, M. V., Hirsch, I. B., & Siegler, I. C. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00006 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Impaired adipogenesis and dysfunctional adipose tissue in human hypertrophic obesity
Hammarstedt, A., Gogg, S., Hedjazifar, S., Nerstedt, A., & Smith, U. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2017 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
“More than one-half a century ago, the importance of adipose tissue distribution for metabolic complications was recognized, and the so-called android obesity, with adipose tissue preferentially accumulated around the trunk, was identified as the form of obesity more strongly associated with metabolic disease (28, 29,…”
Background
Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/01.hco.0000200416.65370.a0 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men
Petersen, K. F., Dufour, S., Feng, J., Befroy, D., Dziura, J., Man, C. D., Cobelli, C., & Shulman, G. I. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608537103 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease,,,
Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Augustin, L. S., Franceschi, S., Hamidi, M., Marchie, A., Jenkins, A. L., & Axelsen, M. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76/1.266s · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Adiponectin: a link between excess adiposity and associated comorbidities?
Ukkola, O. H., & Santaniemi, M. (2002) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-002-0378-7 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Body Mass Index and Outcomes in Patients Who Receive Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer
Dignam, J. J., Polite, B. N., Yothers, G., Raich, P. C., Colangelo, L. H., O’Connell, M. J., & Wolmark, N. (2006) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djj442 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Taiwan
Hwang, L., Bai, C., & Chen, C. (2006) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60161-3 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
The "thrifty genotype" in 1998.
Neel, J. V. (2009) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb01782.x · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Anti-Müllerian hormone levels reflect severity of PCOS but are negatively influenced by obesity: relationship with increased luteinizing hormone levels
Piouka, A., Farmakiotis, D., Katsikis, I., Μacut, D., Gerou, S., & Panidis, D. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90684.2008 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Country of birth, acculturation status and abdominal obesity in a national sample of Mexican-American women and men
Sundquist, J., & Winkleby, M. (2000) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/29.3.470 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
The origin of intermuscular adipose tissue and its pathophysiological implications
Vettor, R., Milan, G., Franzin, C., Sanna, M., Coppi, P. D., Rizzuto, R., & Federspil, G. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00229.2009 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome influences the risk of chronic complications in patients with Type II diabetes
Isomaa, B., Henricsson, M., Almgren, P.-E., Tuomi, T., Taskinen, M., & Groop, L. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100615 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Type II Diabetes, Essential Hypertension, and Obesity as "Syndromes of Impaired Genetic Homeostasis": The "Thrifty Genotype" Hypothesis Enters the 21st Century
Neel, J. V., Weder, A. B., & Julius, S. (1998) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.1998.0060 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk
Donohoe, C. L., Doyle, S. L., & Reynolds, J. V. (2011) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-3-12 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Sexual differences in the control of energy homeostasis
Shi, H., Seeley, R. J., & Clegg, D. J. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.004 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Metabolic imprinting: critical impact of the perinatal environment on the regulation of energy homeostasis
Levin, B. E. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1851 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF INCREASED INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE IN SEVERE OBESITY
Sugerman, H. J. (2001) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70184-5 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Oleic Acid Inhibits Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by a Protein Kinase C–Independent Mechanism
Davda, R. K., Stepniakowski, K. T., Lü, G., Ullian, M. E., Goodfriend, T. L., & Egan, B. M. (1995) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.26.5.764 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans.
Allen, N. E., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., Kaaks, R., Rinaldi, S., & Key, T. J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Risks and Benefits of Gastric Bypass in Morbidly Obese Patients With Severe Venous Stasis Disease
Sugerman, H. J., Sugerman, E. L., Wolfe, L. G., Kellum, J. M., Schweitzer, M. A., & DeMaria, E. J. (2001) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-200107000-00007 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome: a glance at its history
Sarafidis, P. A., & Nilsson, P. M. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000217840.26971.b6 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Establishing computed tomography–defined visceral fat area thresholds for use in obesity-related cancer research
Doyle, S. L., Bennett, A., Donohoe, C. L., Mongan, A. M., Howard, J. M., Lithander, F. E., Pidgeon, G. P., Reynolds, J. V., & Lysaght, J. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.12.007 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“[23] Bjorntorp P.”
BackgroundInfluential
Sex differences in lean and adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging: anthropometric relationships
Ross, R., Shaw, K., Rissanen, J., Martel, Y., de Guise, J. A., & Avruch, L. I. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.6.1277 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The Role of the Insulin/IGF System in Cancer: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials and the Energy Balance-Cancer Link
Bowers, L. W., Rossi, E. L., Oâ€TMFlanagan, C. H., deGraffenried, L. A., & Hursting, S. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00077 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Do Different Dimensions of the Metabolic Syndrome Change Together Over Time?
Maison, P., Byrne, C. D., Hales, C. N., Day, N., & Wareham, N. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.10.1758 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among 40,698 Korean metropolitan subjects
Lee, W., Park, J.-S., Noh, S.-Y., Rhee, E., Kim, S. W., & Zimmet, P. (2004) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2003.12.007 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Abdominal obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, and blood coagulation disorders often coexist and are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease [1–5].”
Background
Metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, and cancer
Hsu, I. R., Kim, S. P., Kabir, M., & Bergman, R. N. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.3.867s · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Pro12Ala Missense Mutation of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ and Diabetes Mellitus
Ringel, J., Engeli, S., Distler, A., & Sharma, A. M. (1999) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9962 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Visceral and Intrahepatic Fat Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Above Other Ectopic Fat Depots: The Framingham Heart Study
Lee, J., Pedley, A., Hoffmann, U., Massaro, J. M., Levy, D. A., & Long, M. T. (2018) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.02.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Mobilization of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to energy restriction and exercise
Ross, R., & Rissanen, J. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/60.5.695 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. A
McCrindle, B. W., Mietus‐Snyder, M., Steinberger, J., Daniels, S. R., Eckel, R. H., & Hayman, L. L. (2009) · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The surgical treatment of morbid obesity
Kellum, J. M., DeMaria, E. J., & Sugerman, H. J. (1998) · Current Problems in Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0011-3840(98)80009-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety, and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Elwing, J. E., Lustman, P. J., Wang, H. L., & Clouse, R. E. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000221276.17823.df · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The impact of the metabolic syndrome and its components on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke: the Japan public health center-based study
for the JPHC Study Group, Noda, H., Iso, H., Saito, I., Konishi, M., Inoue, M., & Tsugane, S. (2009) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2009.14 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Effect of Weight Loss on Liver Free Fatty Acid Uptake and Hepatic Insulin Resistance
Viljanen, A. P. M., Iozzo, P., Borra, R., Kankaanpää, M., Karmi, A., Läutamaki, R., Järvisalo, M. J., Parkkola, R. K., Rönnemaa, T., Guiducci, L., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1689 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Obesity, weight loss, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: effect of treatment with diet and orlistat for 24 weeks on insulin resistance and androgen levels
Panidis, D., Farmakiotis, D., Rousso, D., Kourtis, A., Katsikis, I., & Krassas, G. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.04.043 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A novel class of α-glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors from Ganoderma leucocontextum and the anti-diabetic properties of ganomycin I in KK-A y mice
Wang, K., Li, B., Ma, K., Zhang, J., Chen, B., Han, J., Ren, J., Luo, H., & Liu, H. (2016) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.015 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome in long-term cancer survivors, and important target for secondary preventive measures
Nuver, J., Smit, A. J., Postma, A., Sleijfer, D. T., & Gietema, J. A. (2002) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0305-7372(02)00038-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Relationship of internalized racism to abdominal obesity and blood pressure in Afro-Caribbean women.
Tull, E. S., Wickramasuriya, T., Taylor, J., Smith-Burns, V., Brown, M., Champagnie, G., Daye, K., Donaldson, K., Solomon, N., Walker, S. E., et al. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Physical Inactivity and Mortality Risk
Kokkinos, P. F., Sheriff, H. M., & Kheirbek, R. (2011) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.4061/2011/924945 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome impairs insulin sensitivity independently of anthropometric variables
Tassone, F., Lanfranco, F., Gianotti, L., Pivetti, S., Navone, F., Rossetto, R., Grottoli, S., Gai, V., Ghigo, E., & Maccario, M. (2003) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01859.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Urolithiasis
Wong, Y. V., Cook, P. R., & Somani, B. K. (2015) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2015/570674 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effects of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids, and tumor necrosis factor-α in rats with sucrose-induced metabolic syndrome
Aguilera, A. A., Díaz, G. H., Barcelata, M. L., Angulo‐Guerrero, O., & Oliart‐Ros, R. M. (2004) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.12.008 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
C-reactive protein concentrations are related to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome as defined by the ATP III report
Lee, W., Park, J., Noh, S.-Y., Rhee, E., Sung, K., Kim, B., Kang, J.-H., Kim, S.-W., Lee, M., & Park, J.-R. (2004) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.08.016 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Elevated Homocysteine Levels Are Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Events in Hypertensive Patients
Catena, C., Colussi, G., Nait, F., Capobianco, F., & Sechi, L. A. (2014) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu248 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Clustering of metabolic abnormalities in obese individuals: the role of genetic factors
Ukkola, O. H., & Bouchard, C. (2001) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890109002062 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2007) · doi:10.1139/h06-102 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Since then, the clustering of cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors has been referred to as MetS (Björntorp 1992), insulin-resistance syndrome (DeFronzo and Ferrannini 1991), deadly quartet (Kaplan 1989), and plurimetabolic syndrome (Crepaldi et al.”
Background
Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Dysfunction in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Wells, G. D., Noseworthy, M. D., Hamilton, J. K., Tarnopolski, M., & Tein, I. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100007538 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome Amplifies the LDL-Cholesterol Associated Increases in Carotid Atherosclerosis
Kawamoto, R., Tomita, H., Oka, Y., Kodama, A., & Kamitani, A. (2005) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.44.1232 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Insulin and gall stones: a population case control study in southern Italy
Misciagna, G., Guerra, V., Leo, A. D., Correale, M., & Trevisan, M. (2000) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.47.1.144 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Relationship of the metabolic syndrome and obesity to polycystic ovary syndrome: A controlled, population-based study
Korhonen, S., Hippeläinen, M., NISKANEN, L. K., Vanhala, M. J., & Saarikoski, S. (2001) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2001.109596 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effects of Two Common Polymorphisms of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Gene on Metabolic Syndrome
Rhee, E., Oh, K. W., Lee, W., Kim, S. Y., Oh, E. S., Baek, K. H., Kang, M. I., & Kim, S. W. (2005) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.04.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A review of the literature of Bardet–Biedl disease and report of three cases associated with metabolic syndrome and diagnosed after the age of fifty
Iannello, S., Bosco, P., Cavaleri, A., Camuto, M., Milazzo, P., & Belfiore, F. (2002) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2002.00055.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic pre- and post-menopausal women in North Taiwan
Lin, W.-Y., Yang, W.-S., Lee, L.-T., Chen, C.-Y., Liu, C.-S., Lin, C., & Huang, K.-C. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803240 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Body composition and bone mineral density in long‐standing type 1 diabetes
Ingberg, C. M., Palmér, M., Åman, J., Arvidsson, B., Schvarcz, E., & Berne, C. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01283.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Are there any sex differences in fatty liver? A study of glucose metabolism and body fat distribution
Lonardo, A., & Trande, P. (2000) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02226.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Association of Total Cholesterol/High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio With Proximal Coronary Atherosclerosis Detected by Multislice Computed Tomography
Nair, D., Carrigan, T., Curtin, R. J., Popović, Z., Kuzmiak, S. A., Schoenhagen, P., Flamm, S. D., & Desai, M. Y. (2009) · Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00011.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fat cell size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, depot, and metabolic risk factors in morbidly obese adolescents
Zhang, Y., Zitsman, J. L., Hou, J., Fennoy, I., Guo, K., Feinberg, J. B., & Leibel, R. L. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20528 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Developmental gene×environment interactions affecting systems regulating energy homeostasis and obesity
Levin, B. E. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.02.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Impaired glucose tolerance and increased weight gain in transgenic rats overexpressing a non-insulin-responsive phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene
Rosella, G., Zajac, J. D., Baker, L., Kaczmarczyk, S. J., Andrikopoulos, S., Adams, T. E., & Proietto, J. (1995) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.9.10.8544847 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Plasma visfatin levels in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Panidis, D., Farmakiotis, D., Rousso, D., Katsikis, I., Delkos, D., Piouka, A., Gerou, S., & Diamanti‐Kandarakis, E. (2008) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2007.05.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Central obesity, being a prominent feature of the so-called metabolic syndrome, is directly linked to increased peripheral IR [10].”
Background
Cross-trait familial resemblance for body fat and blood pressure: familial correlations in the Québec Family Study.
Rice, T., Province, M. A., Përusse, L., Bouchard, C., & Rao, D. C. (1994) · PubMed Central · Cited by 52 · see citing works
'Metabolic Syndrome' in a Middle-Aged Finnish Population
Vanhala, M. J., Kumpusalo, E. A., Pitkäjärvi, T., & Takala, J. K. (1997) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/174182679700400410 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gender difference of association between LDL cholesterol concentrations and mortality from coronary heart disease amongst Japanese: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study
Noda, H., Iso, H., Irie, F., Sairenchi, T., Ohtaka, E., & Ohta, H. (2010) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02183.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Free Fatty Acids Are Associated with Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Atherosclerosis in Renal Transplant Recipients
Armstrong, K. A., Hiremagalur, B., Haluska, B. A., Campbell, S. B., Hawley, C. M., Marks, L. H., Prins, J. B., Johnson, D. W., & Isbel, N. M. (2005) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000173792.53561.b6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome by the international diabetes federation definition in Hong Kong Chinese.
Ko, G. T. C., Cockram, C., Chow, C.-C., Yeung, V., Chan, W., So, W.-Y., Chan, N., & Chan, J. C. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2005.11.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Abdominal Obesity and Ethnic Differences in Diabetes Awareness, Treatment, and Glycemic Control
Okosun, I. S., & Dever, G. E. A. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.169 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Animal and Human Tissue Na,K-ATPase in Obesity and Diabetes: A New Proposed Enzyme Regulation
Iannello, S., Milazzo, P., & Belfiore, F. (2006) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200701000-00001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Evaluation of the effectiveness of an ambulatory teaching/treatment programme for non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetic patients
Domenech, M. I., Assad, D., Mazzei, M. E., Kronsbein, P., & Gagliardino, J. J. (1995) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/bf00838482 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Addressing the Insulin Resistance Syndrome A Role for the Thiazolidinediones
Zimmet, P. (2002) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1050-1738(02)00187-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Association of serum complement C3 with metabolic syndrome components in normal weight obese women
Karkhaneh, M., Qorbani, M., Mohajeri-Tehrani, M. R., & Hoseini, S. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0330-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Animal and human tissue Na,K‐ATPase in normal and insulin‐resistant states: regulation, behaviour and interpretative hypothesis on NEFA effects
Iannello, S., Milazzo, P., & Belfiore, F. (2006) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2006.00276.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome
Görar, S., Çulha, C., Üç, Z. A., Dellal, F. D., Serter, R., Aral, S., & Aral, Y. (2010) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2010.487587 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Carotid Atherosclerosis: Role of Elevated Blood Pressure
Kawamoto, R., Tomita, H., Oka, Y., Ohtsuka, N., & Kamitani, A. (2005) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.12.268 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Metabolic and Endocrine Characteristics of Indian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
Kumar, A. N., Naidu, J. N., Satyanarayana, U., Ramalingam, K., & Anitha, M. (2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22074/ijfs.2016.4764 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Familial correlations in the Québec family study: cross-trait familial resemblance for body fat with plasma glucose and insulin
Rice, T., Nadeau, A., Përusse, L., Bouchard, C., & Rao, D. C. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050583 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Chronically increased intra-abdominal pressure produces systemic hypertension in dogs
Bloomfield, G. L., Sugerman, H. J., Blocher, C., Gehr, T. W. B., & Sica, D. A. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801234 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Influence of triglyceride concentration on the relationship between lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B and A-I levels
Leroux, G., Lemieux, I., Lamarche, B., Cantin, B., Dagenais, G. R., Lupien, P. J., & Després, J. (2000) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(00)90688-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Serum anti-Müllerian hormone and insulin resistance in the main phenotypes of non-obese polycystic ovarian syndrome women in China
Tian, X., Ruan, X., Mueck, A. O., Wallwiener, D. R., Wang, J., Liu, S., Yin, D., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wu, H. (2014) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2014.943719 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Analysis of weight loss outcomes using VLCD in black and white overweight and obese women with and without metabolic syndrome
Hong, K. M., Li, Z., Wang, H., Elashoff, R. M., & Heber, D. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802864 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Visceral Obesity without Insulin Resistance in Late-Onset Obesity Rats
Bains, R. K., Wells, S. E., Flavell, D., Fairhall, K. M., Strom, M., Tissier, P. L., & Robinson, I. C. A. F. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1608 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Neurobiology of the metabolic syndrome: An allostatic perspective
van Dijk, G., & Buwalda, B. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.079 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Evidence is increasing, however, that also psychological factors play a role in the development and propagation of obesity and the metabolic syndrome (Bjorntorp, 1992; Brunner et al., 2002).”
Background
The Trp64Arg polymorphism of the 3-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with hypertension in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Ringel, J., Kreutz, R. H., Distler, A., & Sharma, A. M. (2000) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(00)00290-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“dtd"> Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are commonly associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia, and this cluster of abnormalities has also been described as the insulin-resistance or metabolic syndrome”
Background
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor δ‐Agonist, GW501516, Ameliorates Insulin Resistance, Improves Dyslipidaemia in Monosodium l ‐Glutamate Metabolic Syndrome Mice
Chen, W., Wang, L., Liu, H., Long, L., & Li, S. (2008) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00268.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Low ethanol consumption induces enhancement of insulin sensitivity in liver of normal rats
Furuya, D. T., Binsack, R., Onishi, M. E., Seraphim, P. M., & Machado, U. F. (2005) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.046 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Physiologic Reactivity to a Laboratory Stress Task Among Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Ullrich, P. M., Lutgendorf, S. K., & Kreder, K. J. (2007) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.04.048 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome as a Predictor of Ischemic Stroke in Elderly Persons
Kawamoto, R., Tomita, H., Oka, Y., & Kodama, A. (2005) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.44.922 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Effect of Abdominal Exercise on Abdominal Fat
Vispute, S., Smith, J. D., LeCheminant, J. D., & Hurley, K. S. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181fb4a46 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Metabolic Syndrome Mediates the Relationship Between Cynical Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease
Nelson, T. L., Palmer, R. F., & Pedersen, N. L. (2004) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730490275148 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effect of Smoking on the Prevalence of Insulin Resistance-Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Finnish Men in Military Service
Tähtinen, T., Vanhala, M. J., Oikarinen, J. A., & Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S. (1998) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/174182679800500506 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Authors: Björntorp, P.
Affiliations: Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
Corresponding author: Björntorp, Per
Venue: Annals of Medicine
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1992-01
Volume: 24
Issue: 6
Pages: 465-468
ISSN: 0785-3890 (ISSN-L)
1365-2060
DOI: 10.3109/07853899209166997
OpenAlex: W2025038536
Cited by: 233
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 3.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annals of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, neuroendocrine dysfunction, hypercortisolism, sex hormone deficiency, growth hormone secretion, visceral adipose tissue, triglyceride deposition, free fatty acids, lipolysis, psychosocial factors, stress sensitivity
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Diseases, Neurosecretory Systems, Obesity, Syndrome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks