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Cited by 503Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesTryptophan and brain disordersCytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions

The inflammatory response is an integral part of the stress response: implications for atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome X

Black, Paul H.·2003·Brain Behavior and Immunity
DOI 10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00048-5
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Abstract

In previous publications, we presented the hypothesis that repeated episodes of acute or chronic psychological stress could induce an acute phase response (APR) and subsequently a chronic inflammatory process such as atherosclerosis. In this paper, that hypothesis, namely that such stress can induce an APR and inflammation, has been extended to include a chronic inflammatory process(s), characterized by the presence of certain cytokines and acute phase reactants (APR), which is associated with certain metabolic diseases. The loci of origin of these cytokines, particularly interleukin 6 (IL-6), and their induction, has been considered. Evidence is presented that the liver, the endothelium, and fat cell depots are the primary sources of cytokines, particularly IL-6, and that IL-6 and the acute phase protein (APP), C-reactive protein (CRP), are strongly associated with, and likely play a dominant role in, the development of this inflammatory process which leads to insulin resistance, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus type II, and Metabolic syndrome X. The possible role of psychological stress and the major stress-related hormones as etiologic factors in the pathogenesis of these metabolic diseases, as well as atherosclerosis, is discussed. The fact that stress can activate an APR, which is part of the innate immune inflammatory response, is evidence that the inflammatory response is contained within the stress response or that stress can induce an inflammatory response. The evidence that the stress, inflammatory, and immune systems all evolved from a single cell, the phagocyte, is further evidence for their intimate relationship which almost certainly was maintained throughout evolution.

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2 of the 148 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Judd, 1990, Rat adrenal zona glomerulosa cells produce interleukin 6, Progr. Neuro. Endocrin. Immun., 3, 282
  2. Phillips, 1997, Low birth weight and raised plasma cortisol concentrations in adult life, Diabetes Med., 14, 11
  3. Taylor, J. (1998). Cultural conversion experiences: Implication for mental health research and treatments. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), African American identity development 2 (pp. 85–95). Hampton
  4. Zasadil, 2001, Atherosclerosis, inflammation, and CAD pathology, Cardiology, 18, 37

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Authors
Black, P. H.
Affiliations
Boston University (US)
Corresponding author
Black, Paul H.
Venue
Brain Behavior and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-10
Volume
17
Issue
5
Pages
350-364
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00048-5
OpenAlex
W2081378977
Cited by
502
References
148
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 36
FWCI
15.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
Keywords
psychological stress, inflammation, acute phase response, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome X, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, cytokines, acute phase proteins, innate immunity, stress hormones, liver, endothelium, adipose tissue, immune system evolution
MeSH terms
Acute-Phase Reaction, Arteriosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Interleukin-6, Metabolic Syndrome

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