Online emotional support delivered by trained volunteers: users’ satisfaction and their perception of the service compared to psychotherapy
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Technology could answer the substantial need in human resources available for supporting those who suffer from mental illness, by providing scalable methods to train and engage non-professionals to those who need their support. 7 Cups of Tea (7COT) platform was chosen for this study, because it provides a good case study for examining this kind of solution. AIM: The aim of this paper was to provide empirical findings regarding users' satisfaction with online emotional support provided by trained volunteers and how it is perceived in comparison to psychotherapy. METHODS: An online survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 7COT users. RESULTS: The findings showed high user satisfaction with the support provided by 7COT listeners and, on average, users who indicated to receive psychotherapy in their past marked the listeners' support to be as helpful as psychotherapy. Relating to psychotherapy and online emotional support advantages, different advantages were found. The findings suggest that receiving support from volunteers makes users feel that the support is more genuine. CONCLUSION: The paper provides preliminary evidence that people in emotional distress may find non-professionals support delivered through the use of technology to be helpful. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In 7 studies, anonymity (users could share and receive information anonymously) was listed as a facilitating factor to engage and encourage disclosure of information.
“Overall, 7 studies listed anonymity, meaning that users could share and receive information anonymously, as a facilitating factor to engage and encourage disclosure of information [41,88,129,137,141,148,232].”
From Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
Cites
Grand challenges in global mental health
Collins, P. Y., Patel, V., Joestl, S. S., March, D., Insel, T. R., Daar, A. S., Bordin, I. A., Costello, E. J., Durkin, M., Fairburn, C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/475027a · Cited by 2,043 · see citing works
The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001421 · Cited by 1,895 · see citing works
Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome.
Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.357 · Cited by 1,621 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This notion is congruent with studies that have shown that the interpersonal relationship and experience during psychotherapy could have a positive impact on the patient in the therapeutic process (Jørgensen, 2004; Lambert & Barley, 2001).”
ResultRebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness
Kazdin, A. E., & Blase, S. L. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393527 · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
A review of the literature on peer support in mental health services
Repper, J., & Carter, T. (2011) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.583947 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Human resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action
Kakuma, R., Minas, H., van Ginneken, N., Dal Poz, M. R., Desiraju, K., Morris, J. E., Saxena, S., & Scheffler, R. M. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61093-3 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Peer Support Among Adults With Serious Mental Illness: A Report From the Field
Davidson, L., Chinman, M., Sells, D., & Rowe, M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj043 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Ardito, R. B., & Rabellino, D. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00270 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence
Fulton, B. D., Scheffler, R. M., Sparkes, S. P., Auh, E. Y., Vujicic, M., & Soucat, A. L. B. (2011) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/1478-4491-9-1 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
The conceptualization and measurement of therapeutic alliance: An empirical review
Elvins, R., & Green, J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.002 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Novel Models for Delivering Mental Health Services and Reducing the Burdens of Mental Illness
Kazdin, A. E., & Rabbitt, S. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612463566 · Cited by 465 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Researchers have addressed the substantial need in human resources, suggesting models that include task shifting and non-professional-assisted interventions (Kazdin & Blase, 2011; Kazdin & Rabbitt, 2013).”
BackgroundRahman, A., Fisher, J., Bower, P., Luchters, S., Tran, T., Yasamy, M. T., Saxena, S., & Waheed, W. (2013) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.12.109819 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Birnbaum, H. G., Kessler, R. C., Kelley, D., Ben-Hamadi, R., Joish, V. N., & Greenberg, P. E. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20580 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Chowdhary, N., Sikander, S., Atif, N., Singh, N., Ahmad, I., Fuhr, D. C., Rahman, A., & Patel, V. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.013 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Turkington, D., Kingdon, D., Rathod, S., Hammond, K., Pelton, J., & Mehta, R. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.010884 · Cited by 151 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…has indicated positive therapeutic outcomes from peerassisted interventions (Davidson et al., 2006; Repper & Carter, 2011), family involvement in therapy (Shimazu et al., 2011), and task shifting of coaches (Bosmans et al., 2007; Pomerantz et al., 2010) and nurses (Turkington et al., 2006).”
BackgroundActive Ingredients in Individual Psychotherapy: Searching for Common Factors.
Jørgensen, C. R. (2004) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.21.4.516 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Family psychoeducation for major depression: randomised controlled trial
Shimazu, K., Shimodera, S., Mino, Y., Nishida, A., Kamimura, N., Sawada, K., Fujita, H., Furukawa, T. A., & Inoue, S. (2011) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078626 · Cited by 95 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Carter, 2011), family involvement in therapy (Shimazu et al., 2011), and task shifting of coaches (Bosmans et al.”
BackgroundCost Effectiveness of a Pharmacy-Based Coaching Programme to Improve Adherence to Antidepressants
Bosmans, J. E., Brook, O. H., van Hout, H. P. J., de Bruijne, M. C., Nieuwenhuyse, H., Bouter, L. M., Stalman, W. A. B., & van Tulder, M. W. (2007) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200725010-00004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Prevalence and Characteristics of Outpatient Psychotherapy Use
da Silva, P. F. R., & Blay, S. L. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181f97e1f · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pomerantz, J. I., Toney, S. D., & Hill, Z. J. (2010) · Professional Case Management · doi:10.1097/ncm.0b013e3181c00f0f · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Clement, J. M. (2009) · The Physics Teacher · doi:10.1119/1.3116826 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Borghouts, J., Eikey, E., Mark, G., De Leon, C., Schueller, S. M., Schneider, M., Stadnick, N., Zheng, K., Mukamel, D., & Sorkin, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24387 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
“Overall, 7 studies listed anonymity, meaning that users could share and receive information anonymously, as a facilitating factor to engage and encourage disclosure of information [41,88,129,137,141,148,232].”
BackgroundHoermann, S., McCabe, K. L., Milne, D. N., & Calvo, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7023 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Towards Emotional Support Dialog Systems
Liu, S., Zheng, C., DeMasi, O., Sabour, S., Yu, L., Yu, Z., Jiang, Y., & Huang, M. (2021) · Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.269 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Baumel, A., Edan, S., & Kane, J. M. (2019) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz147 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationBaumel, A., Tinkelman, A., Mathur, N., & Kane, J. M. (2018) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.9482 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationStawarz, K., Preist, C., & Coyle, D. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12546 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Prediction of postpartum depression using machine learning techniques from social media text
Fatima, I., Abbasi, B. U. D., Khan, S., Al‐Saeed, M., Ahmad, H. F., & Mumtaz, R. (2019) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.12409 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Teepe, G. W., Fonseca, A. D., Kleim, B., Jacobson, N. C., Salamanca-Sanabria, A., Car, L. T., Fleisch, E., & Kowatsch, T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29412 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lagan, S., Ramakrishnan, A., Lamont, E., Ramakrishnan, A., Frye, M., & Torous, J. (2020) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-020-00202-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Modeling Motivational Interviewing Strategies on an Online Peer-to-Peer Counseling Platform
Shah, R. S., Holt, F. V., Hayati, S. A., Agarwal, A., Wang, Y.-C., Kraut, R. E., & Yang, D. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555640 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
F120. USING DIGITAL MEDIA ADVERTISING IN EARLY PSYCHOSIS INTERVENTION
Birnbaum, M., Garrett, C., Baumel, A., Scovel, M., Rizvi, A., Muscat, W., & Kane, J. (2017) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600571 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationEis, S., Solà-Morales, O., Duarte‐Díaz, A., Vidal‐Alaball, J., Perestelo‐Pérez, L., Robles, N., & Carrión, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042186 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Baumel, A., & Schueller, S. M. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5335 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Attitudes toward the listeners were measured using four items that were used in a previous study on 7Cups [36], adapted from measures of therapeutic alliance [43-45].”
Self-citationBernecker, S. L., Williams, J. J., Caporale-Berkowitz, N. A., Wasil, A. R., & Constantino, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17164 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Toscos, T., Coupe, A., Flanagan, M., Drouin, M. A., Carpenter, M., Reining, L. E., Roebuck, A. E., & Mirro, M. J. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/13230 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Baumel, A., Correll, C. U., & Birnbaum, M. L. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.03.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards Multimodal Emotional Support Conversation Systems
Chu, Y., Liao, L., Zhou, Z., Ngo, C., & Hong, R. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2025.3604951 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Helping the Helper : Supporting Peer Counselors via AI-Empowered Practice and Feedback
Hsu, S.-L., Shah, R. S., Senthil, P., Ashktorab, Z., Dugan, C., Geyer, W., & Yang, D. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3710993 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Let’s teach peer support skills to all college students: Here’s how and why
Caporale-Berkowitz, N. A. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1841775 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kornfield, R., Mohr, D. C., Ranney, R. M., Lattie, E. G., Meyerhoff, J., Williams, J. J., & Reddy, M. C. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3512946 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Scaffolding the Online Peer-support Experience: Novice Supporters' Strategies and Challenges
Chen, T., Zhang, K., Kraut, R. E., & Dabbish, L. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479510 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Learning to Become a Volunteer Counselor: Lessons from a Peer-to-Peer Mental Health Community
Yao, Z. Q., Zhu, H., & Kraut, R. E. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555200 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Metrics for Peer Counseling: Triangulating Success Outcomes for Online Therapy Platforms
Wang, T., Shah, H. K., Shah, R. S., Wang, Y.-C., Kraut, R. E., & Yang, D. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581372 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
O'Donnell, E. A., Citters, A. D. V., Khayal, I. S., Wilson, M., Gustafson, D. H., Barnato, A. E., Buccellato, A. C., Young, C. D., Holthoff, M. M., Korsunskiy, E., et al. (2024) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/53194 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Towards Emotional Support Dialog SystemsPreprint
Liu, S., Zheng, C., DeMasi, O., Sabour, S., Li, Y., Yu, Z., Jiang, Y., & Huang, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.01144 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Practice of Online Peer Counseling and the Potential for AI-Powered Support Tools
Wang, T., Bruckman, A. S., & Yang, D. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711089 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Participants’ perspectives of weekly telephonic mood monitoring in South Africa: a feasibility study
van der Watt, A. S. J., Roos, T., Beyer, C., & Seedat, S. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0245-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Suicide Prevention Outreach on Social Media Delivered by Trained Volunteers
Keasar, V., Sznitman, S. R., & Baumel, A. (2022) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000864 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationKornfield, R., Lattie, E. G., Nicholas, J., Knapp, A. A., Mohr, D. C., & Reddy, M. C. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Meter, A. V., & Agrawal, N. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2023.2283030 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
ZzzMate: A Self-Conscious Emotion-Aware Chatbot for Sleep Intervention
Tang, X., Li, Z., Sun, X., Xu, X., & Zhang, M.-L. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720224 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
ZzzMate: Designing an Empathetic Chatbot for Addressing Self-Conscious Emotions for Sleep Adherence
Tang, X., Li, Z., Sun, X., Xu, X., & Zhang, M.-L. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2589503 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Is a Combination of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy Superior to Each Alone?
Choi, K., & Kim, Y. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kaveladze, B. T., Shkel, J., Le, S., Marcotte, V., Rushton, K., Nguyen, T., & Schueller, S. M. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100774 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Baumel, A., & Tamir, S. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2022.2036300 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationEwing, E. S. K., Hunt, Q. A., Singer, J. B., Diamond, G. S., & Winley, D. M. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119438519.ch47 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EMO-Avatar: An LLM-Agent-Orchestrated Framework for Multimodal Emotional Support in Human Animation
Chen, K., Fu, W., Lu, Q., Sun, Z., Geng, Y., Liu, Y., Guo, P., Gao, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3746027.3762030 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mind Support: A Systematic Review of Online Peer Support Platforms
Stapper, N., Jimenez, G. B., Abbas, Y. B., & King, M. H. (2021) · Applied Neuroscience and Mental Health · doi:10.31739/anamh.2021.1.21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cervantes, S. E., Chow, K., & Otsuji, S. (2021) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6609-1.ch009
Castelnuovo, G., & Manzoni, G. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00004-2
Ewing, E. S. K., Hunt, Q. A., Singer, J. B., Diamond, G. S., & Winley, D. M. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119788393.ch14
Doná, G., & Nanton, R. (2024) · Voluntary Sector Review · doi:10.1332/20408056y2024d000000027
Greenway, T. S., Nelson, J. M., Wingate, D., Granic, I., Woodiwiss, C., Moriarty, G., & Schnitker, S. A. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-026-00272-2
Liu, T., Patil, B., Ngo, T., Karr, C. J., Nguyen, T., Kornfield, R., & Meyerhoff, J. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791591
- Authors
- Baumel, A.
- Affiliations
- Northwell Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baumel, Amit
- ORCID
- Baumel, Amit
- Venue
- Journal of Mental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-09-03
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 313-320
- ISSN
- 0963-8237 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0567
- OpenAlex
- W1761630259
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- user satisfaction, psychotherapy comparison, mental illness, emotional distress, mental health technology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Emotions, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Volunteers, Patient Satisfaction, Telemedicine, Internet, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review