Relationship between chronic stress and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in elderly Alzheimer's disease caregivers
Open accessAbstract
The stress associated with providing care for a spouse diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease can have adverse effects on cardiovascular health. One potential explanation is that chronic caregiving stress may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the duration that one has provided care is associated with the degree of atherosclerotic burden, as measured by carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT). One hundred and ten Alzheimer caregivers [mean age 74 ± 8 (SD) years, 69% female] underwent in-home assessment of carotid artery IMT via B-mode ultrasonography. Data regarding medical history, blood pressure, and multiple indicators of caregiving stress were also collected. Multiple regression indicated that duration of care was positively associated with IMT measured in the internal/bifurcation segments of the carotid artery (β = 0.202, p = 0.044) independent of risk factors such as age, gender, body mass index, smoking history, sleep quality, hypertension status, and caregiving stressors. Duration of care was positively associated with IMT in the common carotid artery, but the relationship was not significant. These findings provide more evidence of the link between chronic caregiving stress and cardiovascular disease and indicate that enduring the experience of caregiving over a period of years might be associated with atherosclerotic burden.
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These psychological difficulties, particularly stress, have been associated with increased systemic inflammation, pain, and cardiovascular disease in caregivers.
“These psychological difficulties, particularly stress, have been associated with increased systemic inflammation, pain, and cardiovascular disease in caregivers [8], [9], [10].”
From A novel two-day intervention reduces stress in caregivers of persons with dementia (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
The Introduction reports inflammation-related dysregulation in stressed caregivers and increased coronary heart disease risk in caregivers. The Discussion also links longer caregiving duration with elevated carotid intima-media thickness. Our copy does not address pain in caregivers, so it does not support that part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGreater perceived stress is associated with negative emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses that increase the individual's risk for psychological and physical conditions (e.g., depression, cardiovascular disease, pain).
“Greater perceived stress is associated with negative emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses that increase the individual's risk for psychological and physical conditions (e.g., depression, cardiovascular disease, pain) [9], [10], [25], [26].”
From A novel two-day intervention reduces stress in caregivers of persons with dementia (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
The Introduction (page unavailable) links chronic caregiving stress with psychiatric and physical morbidity and describes physiological changes that may increase cardiovascular risk. The Methods also discuss disturbed sleep in caregivers. But the paper does not establish the full claim for perceived stress in individuals generally or address pain; the Discussion reports no association between self-reported caregiving stressors and carotid intima-media thickness in this study. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Roepke, S. K., Allison, M., Von Känel, R., Mausbach, B. T., Chattillion, E. A., Harmell, A. L., Patterson, T. L., Dimsdale, J. E., Mills, P. J., Ziegler, M. G., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Grant, I.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grant, Igor
- Venue
- Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-07-26
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-129
- ISSN
- 1025-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-8888
- PMC
- PMC3223262
- OpenAlex
- W1590813919
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG08415)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG015301, R01AG008415, AG 15301, AG 08415, RF1AG015301, R01AG031090, AG 031090)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH084967, R25MH080916)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Keywords
- chronic stress, carotid intima-media thickness, Alzheimer's disease caregivers, caregiving stress, atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic burden, duration of care, cardiovascular disease, elderly caregivers, carotid artery
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Blood Pressure, Carotid Artery Diseases, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Caregivers, Carotid Artery, Common, Atherosclerosis, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
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