Knockout of a putative ergothioneine transporter in Caenorhabditis elegans decreases lifespan and increases susceptibility to oxidative damage
Abstract
In addition to excretion of metabolic waste products, organic ionic transporters facilitate uptake of specific compounds of physiological importance. In animals, the organic cation transporter, OCTN1 was found to enable the specific uptake of the unique amino acid, ergothioneine (EGT). EGT can accumulate in the body at up to millimolar concentrations and is believed to function as a physiological antioxidant. However the main function of EGT and the reasons for its active accumulation in the body remain obscure. Through bioinformatic approaches, we identified an analogous EGT transporter in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The present study investigated and characterized deletion mutants of this gene, OCT-1, in the nematodes. Gene deletion mutations of the OCT-1 transporter were shown to decrease overall lifespan of the worms and increase oxidative damage. However the absence of impaired EGT uptake and the inability of excess EGT to rescue the debilitating phenotype indicate that EGT transport does not explain the deleterious effects of the gene deletion.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Knockdown of the ergothioneine transporter in C. elegans reduces their lifespan and increases their susceptibility to ROS-induced damage.
“The knockdown of the ergothioneine transporter in C. elegans (a transparent 1 mm long nematode model organism) reduces their lifespan and increases their susceptibility to ROS-induced damage (Cheah et al. 2013).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Cheah et al. 2013
Cites
Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine
Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (2015) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001 · Cited by 8,990 · see citing works
Self-citationAging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry
Harman, D. (1956) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/11.3.298 · Cited by 8,567 · see citing works
Stiernagle, T. (2006) · WormBook · doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.101.1 · Cited by 2,788 · see citing works
The Biologic Clock: The Mitochondria?
Harman, D. (1972) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1972.tb00787.x · Cited by 1,991 · see citing works
Functional variants of OCTN cation transporter genes are associated with Crohn disease
Peltekova, V. D., Wintle, R. F., Rubin, L. A., Amos, C. I., Huang, Q., Gu, X., Newman, W. G., Oene, M. V., Cescon, D. W., Greenberg, G. R., et al. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1339 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Tokuhiro, S., Yamada, R., Chang, X., Suzuki, A., Kochi, Y., Sawada, T., Suzuki, M., Nagasaki, M., Ohtsuki, M., Ono, M., et al. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1267 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter
Gründemann, D., Harlfinger, S., Gölz, S., Geerts, A., Lazar, A., Berkels, R., Jung, N., RUBBERT, A., & Schömig, E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0408624102 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 4th ed.
Halliwell, B. B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (2007) · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Self-citationErgothioneine; antioxidant potential, physiological function and role in disease
Cheah, I. K., & Halliwell, B. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.017 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citationDeletion of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase sod-2 extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Van Raamsdonk, J. M., & Hekimi, S. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000361 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
The natural history of Caenorhabditis elegans
Félix, M., & Braendle, C. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.050 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
DUBOST, N., OU, B., & BEELMAN, R. (2007) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.030 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
McGhee, J. D. (2007) · WormBook · doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.133.1 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
The unusual amino acid L-ergothioneine is a physiologic cytoprotectant
Paul, B. D., & Snyder, S. H. (2010) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.163 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Gene Knockout and Metabolome Analysis of Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter OCTN1
Kato, Y., Kubo, Y., Iwata, D., Kato, S., Sudo, T., Sugiura, T., Kagaya, T., Wakayama, T., Hirayama, A., Sugimoto, M., et al. (2010) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0076-z · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The mitochondrial free radical theory of ageing - Where do we stand?
Gruber, J. (2008) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3174 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationLack of Peroxisomal Catalase Causes a Progeric Phenotype in Caenorhabditis elegans
Petriv, O. I., & Rachubinski, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m400207200 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Tamai, I. (2013) · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · doi:10.1002/bdd.1816 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Gruber, J., Fong, S., Chen, C.-B., Yoong, S. L., Pastorin, G., Schaffer, S., Cheah, I. K.-M., & Halliwell, B. B. (2012) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationBacterial multidrug transport through the lens of the major facilitator superfamily
Fluman, N., & Bibi, E. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.11.020 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Organic cation transporters and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences.
Choi, M., & Song, I. (2008) · Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2133/dmpk.23.243 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Isolation of long-lived mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans using selection for resistance to juglone
de Castro, E., de Castro, S. H., & Johnson, T. E. (2004) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.021 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Biosynthesis of Ergothioneine and Hercynine by Fungi and <i>Actinomycetales</i>
Genghof, D. S. (1970) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.103.2.475-478.1970 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Gruber, J., Ng, L. F., Poovathingal, S. K., & Halliwell, B. B. (2009) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.09.051 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel localization of OCTN1, an organic cation/carnitine transporter, to mammalian mitochondria
Lamhonwah, A., & Tein, I. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.026 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Ageing in nematodes: do antioxidants extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans?
Pun, P. B. L., Gruber, J., Tang, S. Y., Schaffer, S., Ong, R. L. S., Fong, S., Ng, L. F., Cheah, I. K.-M., & Halliwell, B. B. (2009) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-009-9223-5 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationDeiana, M. (2004) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00108-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and oxygen toxicity in two free-living nematode species
Blum, J., & Fridovich, I. (1983) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(83)90499-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Eraly, S. A., Monte, J. C. M., & Nigám, S. K. (2004) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00014.2004 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Studies on ergothioncine. VI. Distribution and fluctuations of ergothioneine in rats.
Kawano, H., Otani, M., Takeyama, K., Kawai, Y., Mayumi, T., & Takao, H. A. M. A. (1982) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.30.1760 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The effect of dichloroacetate on health- and lifespan in C. elegans
Schaffer, S., Gruber, J., Ng, L. C., Fong, S., Wong, Y. T., Tang, S. Y., & Halliwell, B. B. (2010) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-010-9310-7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationIsermann, K., Liebau, E., Roeder, T., & Bruchhaus, I. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.021 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nakamura, T., Sugiura, S., Kobayashi, D., Yoshida, K., Yabuuchi, H., Aizawa, S., Maeda, T., & Tamai, I. (2007) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-007-9290-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Identity of the F52F12.1 gene product in Caenorhabditis elegans as an organic cation transporter
Wu, X., Fei, Y.-J., Huang, W. Y., Bridges, C. C., Leibach, F. H., & Ganapathy, V. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00020-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638 · see citing works
The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical
Borodina, I., Kenny, L. C., McCarthy, C. M., Paramasivan, K., Pretorius, E., Roberts, T. J., van der Hoek, S. A., & Kell, D. B. (2020) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422419000301 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“were observed in Caenorhabditis elegans(411).”
Ergothioneine, recent developments
Cheah, I. K.-M., & Halliwell, B. B. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101868 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationCheah, I. K., Tang, R. M. Y., Yew, T. S. Z., Lim, K. H. C., & Halliwell, B. (2017) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2016.6778 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationCheah, I. K.-M., Feng, L., Tang, R. M. Y., Lim, K. H. C., & Halliwell, B. B. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.074 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure of the Sulfoxide Synthase EgtB from the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic Pathway
Goncharenko, K. V., Vit, A., Blankenfeldt, W., & Seebeck, F. P. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201410045 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ergothioneine, an adaptive antioxidant for the protection of injured tissues? A hypothesis
Halliwell, B., Cheah, I. K., & Drum, C. L. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.124 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationSulfoxide Synthase versus Cysteine Dioxygenase Reactivity in a Nonheme Iron Enzyme
Faponle, A. S., Seebeck, F. P., & de Visser, S. P. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.7b04251 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Sagwal, S. K., Pasqual-Melo, G., Bodnar, Y., Gandhirajan, R. K., & Bekeschus, S. (2018) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-018-1221-6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Ergothioneine: an underrecognised dietary micronutrient required for healthy ageing?
Tian, X., Thorne, J. L., & Moore, J. B. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522003592 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The ergothioneine transporter (ETT): substrates and locations, an inventory
Gründemann, D., Hartmann, L., & Flögel, S. (2021) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14269 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Ergothioneine: A Stress Vitamin with Antiaging, Vascular, and Neuroprotective Roles?
Paul, B. D. (2021) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2021.0043 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ergothioneine and its congeners: anti-ageing mechanisms and pharmacophore biosynthesis
Chen, L., Zhang, L., Ye, X., Deng, Z., & Zhao, C. (2023) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwad048 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ergothioneine and its prospects as an anti-ageing compound
Apparoo, Y., Phan, C., Kuppusamy, U. R., & Sabaratnam, V. (2022) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2022.111982 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Vit, A., Misson, L., Blankenfeldt, W., & Seebeck, F. P. (2014) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201402522 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cheah, I. K.-M., Tang, R. M. Y., Ye, P., Yew, T. S. Z., Lim, K. H. C., & Halliwell, B. B. (2015) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2015.1099642 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationCould Ergothioneine Aid in the Treatment of Coronavirus Patients?
Cheah, I. K.-M., & Halliwell, B. B. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9070595 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrovic, D., Slade, L., Paikopoulos, Y., D’Andrea, D., Savic, N., Stančić, A., Miljković, J. L., Vignane, T., Drekolia, M. K., Mladenović, D. R., et al. (2025) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.12.008 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Andreev, E., Brosseau, N., Carmona, E., Mes‐Masson, A., & Ramotar, D. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20508 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Inhibition of amyloid‐induced toxicity by ergothioneine in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model
Cheah, I. K.-M., Ng, L. T., Ng, L. F., Lam, V. Y. M., Gruber, J., Huang, C. Y. W., Goh, F., Lim, K. H. C., & Halliwell, B. B. (2019) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13497 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure of the Ergothioneine‐Biosynthesis Amidohydrolase EgtC
Vit, A., Mashabela, G. T., Blankenfeldt, W., & Seebeck, F. P. (2015) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201500168 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Halliwell, B. B., & Cheah, I. K.-M. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.009 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSaïd, M. B., Grati, M., Ishimoto, T., Zou, B., Chakchouk, I., Ma, Q., Yao, Q., Hammami, B., Yan, D. L. S., Mittal, R., et al. (2016) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-016-1657-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Low-molecular-weight thiol transferases in redox regulation and antioxidant defence
Tossounian, M., Zhao, Y., Yu, B. Y. K., Markey, S. A., Malanchuk, O., Zhu, Y., Cain, A., & Gout, I. T. (2024) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103094 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
In Vitro Reconstitution of a Five-Step Pathway for Bacterial Ergothioneine Catabolism
Beliaeva, M. A., Leisinger, F., & Seebeck, F. P. (2021) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.0c00968 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Protection against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Ergothioneine
Cheah, I. K.-M., Tang, R. M. Y., Wang, X., Sachaphibulkij, K., Chong, S. Y., Lim, L. H. K., Wang, J., & Halliwell, B. B. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12020320 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Ergothioneine in Red Blood Cell Biology: A Review and Perspective
Thomas, T. A., Francis, R. O., Zimring, J. C., Kao, J. P. Y., Nemkov, T. G., & Spitalnik, S. L. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13060717 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Papaluca, A., & Ramotar, D. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36026 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ergothioneine Treatment Ameliorates the Pathological Phenotypes of Parkinson's Disease Models
Tng, T. J. W., Leow, D. M.-K., Goh, G., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Tang, R. M. Y., Lai, K. C., Basil, A. H., Choong, H. C., Goh, W. W. B., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70168 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationKenny, L. C., Brown, L. W., Ortea, P., Tuytten, R., & Kell, D. B. (2023) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20230160 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tian, X., Cioccoloni, G., Sier, J. H., Naseem, K. M., Thorne, J. L., & Moore, J. B. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00929-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Brosseau, N., Andreev, E., & Ramotar, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133182 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Struktur der Sulfoxid‐Synthase EgtB aus der Ergothionein‐ Biosynthese
Goncharenko, K. V., Vit, A., Blankenfeldt, W., & Seebeck, F. P. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201410045 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
L-Ergothioneine: A Potential Bioactive Compound from Edible Mushrooms
Saraswathy, N., Kandasamy, R., Ponnusamy, R., DeRuiter, J., Dhanasekaran, M., & Thilagar, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_16 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chiereghin, C., Robusto, M., Mauri, L., Primignani, P., Castorina, P., Ambrosetti, U., Duga, S., Asselta, R., & Soldà, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.606630 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Organic cation transporter novel 1 (OCTN1): beyond an ergothioneine transporter
Guo, Y., Zhou, K., Zhang, J., & Tao, Z. (2026) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-026-02907-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Concentrations of l-ergothioneine in follicular fluids of farm animals
Sotgia, S., Zinellu, A., Pisanu, E., Vlahopoulou, G. C., Ariu, F., Ledda, S., Pintus, G., Carru, C., & Bogliolo, L. (2015) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-015-2098-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
O’Hagan, S., & Kell, D. B. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/110437 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Multifunctional Roles and Microbial Production Bottlenecks of Ergothioneine
Ma, Z., Qin, C., Deng, Y., Guo, X., Zhu, L., Zhu, D., & Chen, X. (2026) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00735 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Imaging the Pharynx to Measure the Uptake of Doxorubicin in Caenorhabditis elegans
Amirthagunabalasingam, S., Papaluca, A., Harihar, T., & Ramotar, D. (2017) · BIO-PROTOCOL · doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.2291 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bioavailability and antioxidant effect of ergothioneine in human blood
Schmitz, L. K. (2016) · MaRBLe · doi:10.26481/marble.2015.v6.375 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ergothioneine: from biosynthesis to sustainable biomanufacturing and health applications
Yan, J., Dong, H., Hao, J., Ma, Y., Guoping, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.109023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Translational Relevance of Animal Models for the Study of Organic Cation Transporter Function
Sabolić, I., Breljak, D., & Smital, T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23793-0_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tian, X., Cioccoloni, G., Sier, J. H., Naseem, K. M., Thorne, J. L., & Moore, J. B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16907476
- Authors
- Cheah, I. K., Ong, R. L. S., Gruber, J., Yew, T. S. K., Ng, L. F., Chen, C. B., & Halliwell, B.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Halliwell, B.
- Venue
- Free Radical Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-10-24
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1036-1045
- ISSN
- 1029-2470 (ISSN-L)
- 1071-5762
- OpenAlex
- W1999969121
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Free Radical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- ergothioneine, Oct-1, organic cation transporters, Caenorhabditis elegans, lifespan, oxidative damage, antioxidants, amino acid transport, deletion mutants
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Ergothioneine, Humans, Longevity, Oxidation-Reduction, Caenorhabditis elegans, Gene Deletion, Oxidative Stress, Organic Cation Transport Proteins, Organic Cation Transporter 1, Symporters, Gene Knockdown Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
